# deployContract
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/deployContract

Function to deploy a smart contract from the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient)
includes a `deployContract` method that can be used to deploy a smart contract from the connected Abstract Global Wallet.
It extends the [deployContract](https://viem.sh/zksync/actions/deployContract) function from Viem to include options for
[contract deployment on Abstract](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment).

## Usage

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import { erc20Abi } from "viem"; // example abi
import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";

export default function DeployContract() {
    const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

    async function deployContract() {
        if (!agwClient) return;

        const hash = await agwClient.deployContract({
            abi: erc20Abi, // Your smart contract ABI
            account: agwClient.account,
            bytecode: "0x...", // Your smart contract bytecode
            chain: abstractTestnet,
            args: [], // Constructor arguments
        });
    }
}

```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="abi" type="Abi" required>
  The ABI of the contract to deploy.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="bytecode" type="string" required>
  The bytecode of the contract to deploy.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="account" type="Account" required>
  The account to deploy the contract from. Use the `account` from the
  [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient) to
  use the Abstract Global Wallet.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="chain" type="Chain" required>
  The chain to deploy the contract on. e.g. `abstractTestnet`.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="args" type="Inferred from ABI">
  Constructor arguments to call upon deployment.

  <Expandable title="Example">
    ```tsx
    import { deployContract } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client";
    import { contractAbi, contractBytecode } from "./const";
    import { agwClient } from "./config";
    import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";

    const hash = await deployContract({
      abi: contractAbi,
      bytecode: contractBytecode,
      chain: abstractTestnet,
      account: agwClient.account,
      args: [123, "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890", true],
    });
    ```
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="deploymentType" type="'create' | 'create2' | 'createAccount' | 'create2Account'">
  Specifies the type of contract deployment. Defaults to `create`.

  * `'create'`: Deploys the contract using the `CREATE` opcode.
  * `'create2'`: Deploys the contract using the `CREATE2` opcode.
  * `'createAccount'`: Deploys a [smart contract wallet](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets)
    using the [ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer)’s
    `createAccount` function.
  * `'create2Account'`: Deploys a [smart contract wallet](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets)
    using the [ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer)’s
    `create2Account` function.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="factoryDeps" type="Hex[]">
  An array of bytecodes of contracts that are dependencies for the contract
  being deployed. This is used for deploying contracts that depend on other
  contracts that are not yet deployed on the network.

  Learn more on the [Contract deployment page](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment).

  <Expandable title="Example">
    ```tsx
    import { contractAbi, contractBytecode } from "./const";
    import { agwClient } from "./config";
    import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";

    const hash = await agwClient.deployContract({
      abi: contractAbi,
      bytecode: contractBytecode,
      chain: abstractTestnet,
      account: agwClient.account,
      factoryDeps: ["0x123", "0x456"],
    });
    ```
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="salt" type="Hash">
  Specifies a unique identifier for the contract deployment.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="gasPerPubdata" type="bigint">
  The amount of gas to pay per byte of data on Ethereum.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymaster" type="Account | Address">
  Address of the
  [paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters) smart
  contract that will pay the gas fees of the deployment transaction.

  Must also provide a `paymasterInput` field.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymasterInput" type="Hex">
  Input data to the **paymaster**.

  Must also provide a `paymaster` field.

  <Expandable title="Example">
    ```tsx
    import { contractAbi, contractBytecode } from "./const";
    import { agwClient } from "./config";
    import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";
    import { getGeneralPaymasterInput } from "viem/zksync";

    const hash = await agwClient.deployContract({
      abi: contractAbi,
      bytecode: contractBytecode,
      chain: abstractTestnet,
      account: agwClient.account,
      paymaster: "0x5407B5040dec3D339A9247f3654E59EEccbb6391",
      paymasterInput: getGeneralPaymasterInput({
        innerInput: "0x",
      }),
    });
    ```
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

## Returns

Returns the `Hex` hash of the transaction that deployed the contract.

Use [waitForTransactionReceipt](https://viem.sh/docs/actions/public/waitForTransactionReceipt) to get the transaction receipt from the hash.


# sendTransaction
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/sendTransaction

Function to send a transaction using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient)
includes a `sendTransaction` method that can be used to sign and submit a transaction to the chain using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

Transactions are signed by the approved signer account (EOA) of the Abstract Global Wallet and sent `from` the AGW smart contract itself.

## Usage

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function SendTransaction() {
  const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

  async function sendTransaction() {
    if (!agwClient) return;
    
    const hash = await agwClient.sendTransaction({
      to: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6",
      data: "0x69",
    });
  }

}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="to" type="Address | null | undefined">
  The recipient address of the transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="from" type="Address">
  The sender address of the transaction.

  By default, this is set as the Abstract Global Wallet smart contract address.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="data" type="Hex | undefined">
  Contract code or a hashed method call with encoded args.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="gas" type="bigint | undefined">
  Gas provided for transaction execution.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="nonce" type="number | undefined">
  Unique number identifying this transaction.

  Learn more in the [handling nonces](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/handling-nonces) section.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="value" type="bigint | undefined">
  Value in wei sent with this transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="maxFeePerGas" type="bigint">
  Total fee per gas in wei (`gasPrice/baseFeePerGas + maxPriorityFeePerGas`).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="maxPriorityFeePerGas" type="bigint">
  Max priority fee per gas (in wei).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="gasPerPubdata" type="bigint | undefined">
  The amount of gas to pay per byte of data on Ethereum.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="factoryDeps" type="Hex[] | undefined">
  An array of bytecodes of contracts that are dependencies for the transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymaster" type="Account | Address">
  Address of the
  [paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters) smart
  contract that will pay the gas fees of the transaction.

  Must also provide a `paymasterInput` field.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymasterInput" type="Hex">
  Input data to the **paymaster**.

  Must also provide a `paymaster` field.

  <Expandable title="Example">
    ```tsx
    import { agwClient } from "./config";
    import { getGeneralPaymasterInput } from "viem/zksync";

    const transactionHash = await agwClient.sendTransaction({
      to: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6",
      data: "0x69",
      paymaster: "0x5407B5040dec3D339A9247f3654E59EEccbb6391",
      paymasterInput: getGeneralPaymasterInput({
        innerInput: "0x",
      }),
    });
    ```
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="customSignature" type="Hex | undefined">
  Custom signature for the transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="type" type="'eip712' | undefined">
  Transaction type. For EIP-712 transactions, this should be `eip712`.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

Returns a `Promise<Hex>` containing the transaction hash of the submitted transaction.


# sendTransactionBatch
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/sendTransactionBatch

Function to send a batch of transactions in a single call using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient)
includes a `sendTransactionBatch` method that can be used to sign and submit multiple transactions
in a single call using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

<Card title="YouTube Tutorial: Send Batch Transactions with AGW" icon="youtube" href="https://youtu.be/CTuhS5hVCe0">
  Watch our video tutorials to learn more about building on Abstract.
</Card>

## Usage

<CodeGroup>
  ```tsx Example.tsx
  import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
  import { getGeneralPaymasterInput } from "viem/zksync";
  import { encodeFunctionData, parseUnits } from "viem";
  import { ROUTER_ADDRESS, TOKEN_ADDRESS, WETH_ADDRESS, PAYMASTER_ADDRESS, routerAbi, erc20Abi } from "./config";

  export default function SendTransactionBatch() {
    const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

    async function sendTransactionBatch() {
      if (!agwClient) return;

      // Batch an approval and a swap in a single call
      const hash = await agwClient.sendTransactionBatch({
        calls: [
          // 1 - Approval
          {
            to: TOKEN_ADDRESS,
            args: [ROUTER_ADDRESS, parseUnits("100", 18)],
            data: encodeFunctionData({
              abi: erc20Abi,
              functionName: "approve",
              args: [ROUTER_ADDRESS, parseUnits("100", 18)],
            }),
          },
          // 2 - Swap
          {
            to: ROUTER_ADDRESS,
            data: encodeFunctionData({
              abi: routerAbi,
              functionName: "swapExactTokensForETH",
              args: [
                parseUnits("100", 18),
                BigInt(0),
                [TOKEN_ADDRESS, WETH_ADDRESS],
                agwClient.account.address,
                BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 20),
              ],
            }),
          },
        ],
        paymaster: PAYMASTER_ADDRESS,
        paymasterInput: getGeneralPaymasterInput({
          innerInput: "0x",
        }),
      });
    }
  }
  ```

  ```tsx config.ts
  import { parseAbi } from "viem";

  export const ROUTER_ADDRESS = "0x07551c0Daf6fCD9bc2A398357E5C92C139724Ef3";
  export const TOKEN_ADDRESS = "0xdDD0Fb7535A71CD50E4B8735C0c620D6D85d80d5"; 
  export const WETH_ADDRESS = "0x9EDCde0257F2386Ce177C3a7FCdd97787F0D841d";
  export const PAYMASTER_ADDRESS = "0x5407B5040dec3D339A9247f3654E59EEccbb6391";

  export const routerAbi = parseAbi([
    "function swapExactTokensForETH(uint256,uint256,address[],address,uint256) external"
  ]);

  export const erc20Abi = parseAbi([
    "function approve(address,uint256) external"
  ]);
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="calls" type="Array<TransactionRequest>">
  An array of transaction requests. Each transaction request can include the following fields:

  <Expandable title="Transaction Request Fields">
    <ResponseField name="to" type="Address | null | undefined">
      The recipient address of the transaction.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="from" type="Address">
      The sender address of the transaction. By default, this is set as the Abstract Global Wallet smart contract address.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="data" type="Hex | undefined">
      Contract code or a hashed method call with encoded args.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="gas" type="bigint | undefined">
      Gas provided for transaction execution.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="nonce" type="number | undefined">
      Unique number identifying this transaction.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="value" type="bigint | undefined">
      Value in wei sent with this transaction.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="maxFeePerGas" type="bigint">
      Total fee per gas in wei (`gasPrice/baseFeePerGas + maxPriorityFeePerGas`).
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="maxPriorityFeePerGas" type="bigint">
      Max priority fee per gas (in wei).
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="gasPerPubdata" type="bigint | undefined">
      The amount of gas to pay per byte of data on Ethereum.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="factoryDeps" type="Hex[] | undefined">
      An array of bytecodes of contracts that are dependencies for the transaction.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="customSignature" type="Hex | undefined">
      Custom signature for the transaction.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="type" type="'eip712' | undefined">
      Transaction type. For EIP-712 transactions, this should be `eip712`.
    </ResponseField>
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymaster" type="Account | Address">
  Address of the
  [paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters) smart
  contract that will pay the gas fees of the transaction batch.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymasterInput" type="Hex">
  Input data to the **paymaster**.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

Returns a `Promise<Hex>` containing the transaction hash of the submitted transaction batch.


# signTransaction
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/signTransaction

Function to sign a transaction using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient)
includes a `signTransaction` method that can be used to sign a transaction using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.
Transactions are signed by the approved signer account (EOA) of the Abstract Global Wallet.

## Usage

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function SignTransaction() {
  const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

  async function signTransaction() {
    if (!agwClient) return;

    const signature = await agwClient.signTransaction({
      to: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6",
      data: "0x69",
    });
  }
}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="to" type="Address | null | undefined">
  The recipient address of the transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="from" type="Address">
  The sender address of the transaction.

  By default, this is set as the Abstract Global Wallet smart contract address.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="data" type="Hex | undefined">
  Contract code or a hashed method call with encoded args.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="gas" type="bigint | undefined">
  Gas provided for transaction execution.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="nonce" type="number | undefined">
  Unique number identifying this transaction.

  Learn more in the [handling nonces](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/handling-nonces) section.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="value" type="bigint | undefined">
  Value in wei sent with this transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="maxFeePerGas" type="bigint">
  Total fee per gas in wei (`gasPrice/baseFeePerGas + maxPriorityFeePerGas`).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="maxPriorityFeePerGas" type="bigint">
  Max priority fee per gas (in wei).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="gasPerPubdata" type="bigint | undefined">
  The amount of gas to pay per byte of data on Ethereum.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="factoryDeps" type="Hex[] | undefined">
  An array of bytecodes of contracts that are dependencies for the transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymaster" type="Account | Address">
  Address of the
  [paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters) smart
  contract that will pay the gas fees of the transaction.

  Must also provide a `paymasterInput` field.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymasterInput" type="Hex">
  Input data to the **paymaster**.

  Must also provide a `paymaster` field.

  <Expandable title="Example">
    ```tsx
    import { agwClient } from "./config";
    import { getGeneralPaymasterInput } from "viem/zksync";

    const signature = await agwClient.signTransaction({
      to: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6",
      data: "0x69",
      paymaster: "0x5407B5040dec3D339A9247f3654E59EEccbb6391",
      paymasterInput: getGeneralPaymasterInput({
        innerInput: "0x",
      }),
    });
    ```
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="customSignature" type="Hex | undefined">
  Custom signature for the transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="type" type="'eip712' | undefined">
  Transaction type. For EIP-712 transactions, this should be `eip712`.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

Returns a `Promise<string>` containing the signed serialized transaction.


# writeContract
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/writeContract

Function to call functions on a smart contract using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient)
includes a `writeContract` method that can be used to call functions on a smart contract using the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

## Usage

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import { parseAbi } from "viem";

export default function WriteContract() {
  const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

  async function writeContract() {
    if (!agwClient) return;

    const transactionHash = await agwClient.writeContract({
      abi: parseAbi(["function mint(address,uint256) external"]), // Your contract ABI
      address: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA",
      functionName: "mint",
      args: ["0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6", BigInt(1)],
    });
  }
}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="address" type="Address" required>
  The address of the contract to write to.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="abi" type="Abi" required>
  The ABI of the contract to write to.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="functionName" type="string" required>
  The name of the function to call on the contract.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="args" type="unknown[]">
  The arguments to pass to the function.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="account" type="Account">
  The account to use for the transaction. By default, this is set to the
  Abstract Global Wallet's account.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="chain" type="Chain">
  The chain to use for the transaction. By default, this is set to the chain
  specified in the AbstractClient.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="value" type="bigint">
  The amount of native token to send with the transaction (in wei).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="dataSuffix" type="Hex">
  Data to append to the end of the calldata. Useful for adding a ["domain"
  tag](https://opensea.notion.site/opensea/Seaport-Order-Attributions-ec2d69bf455041a5baa490941aad307f).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="gasPerPubdata" type="bigint">
  The amount of gas to pay per byte of data on Ethereum.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymaster" type="Account | Address">
  Address of the
  [paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters) smart
  contract that will pay the gas fees of the transaction.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="paymasterInput" type="Hex">
  Input data to the paymaster. Required if `paymaster` is provided.

  <Expandable title="Example with Paymaster">
    ```tsx
    import { agwClient } from "./config";
    import { parseAbi } from "viem";

    const transactionHash = await agwClient.writeContract({
      abi: parseAbi(["function mint(address,uint256) external"]),
      address: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA",
      functionName: "mint",
      args: ["0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6", BigInt(1)],
    });
    ```
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

## Returns

Returns a `Promise<Hex>` containing the transaction hash of the contract write operation.


# getSmartAccountAddress FromInitialSigner
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/getSmartAccountAddressFromInitialSigner

Function to deterministically derive the deployed Abstract Global Wallet smart account address from the initial signer account.

Use the `getSmartAccountAddressFromInitialSigner` function to get the smart contract address of the Abstract Global Wallet
that will be deployed given an initial signer account.

This is useful if you need to know what the address of the Abstract Global Wallet smart contract will be before it is deployed.

## Import

```tsx
import { getSmartAccountAddressFromInitialSigner } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { getSmartAccountAddressFromInitialSigner } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client";
import { createPublicClient, http } from "viem";
import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";

// Create a public client connected to the desired chain
const publicClient = createPublicClient({
  chain: abstractTestnet,
  transport: http(),
});

// Initial signer address (EOA)
const initialSignerAddress = "0xYourSignerAddress";

// Get the smart account address
const smartAccountAddress = await getSmartAccountAddressFromInitialSigner(
  initialSignerAddress,
  publicClient
);

console.log("Smart Account Address:", smartAccountAddress);
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="initialSigner" type="Address" required>
  The EOA account/signer that will be the owner of the AGW smart contract
  wallet.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="publicClient" type="PublicClient" required>
  A [public client](https://viem.sh/zksync/client) connected to the desired
  chain (e.g. `abstractTestnet`).
</ResponseField>

## Returns

Returns a `Hex`: The address of the AGW smart contract that will be deployed.

## How it works

The smart account address is derived from the initial signer using the following process:

```tsx
import AccountFactoryAbi from "./abis/AccountFactory.js"; // ABI of AGW factory contract
import { keccak256, toBytes } from "viem";
import { SMART_ACCOUNT_FACTORY_ADDRESS } from "./constants.js";

// Generate salt based off address
const addressBytes = toBytes(initialSigner);
const salt = keccak256(addressBytes);

// Get the deployed account address
const accountAddress = (await publicClient.readContract({
  address: SMART_ACCOUNT_FACTORY_ADDRESS, // "0xe86Bf72715dF28a0b7c3C8F596E7fE05a22A139c"
  abi: AccountFactoryAbi,
  functionName: "getAddressForSalt",
  args: [salt],
})) as Hex;
```

This function returns the determined AGW smart contract address
using the [Contract Deployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer)’s
`getNewAddressForCreate2` function.


# createSession
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSession

Function to create a session key for the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient) includes a `createSession` method that can be used to create a session key for the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

## Usage

<CodeGroup>
  ```tsx call-policies.ts
  // This example demonstrates how to create a session key for NFT minting on a specific contract.
  // The session key:
  // - Can only call the mint function on the specified NFT contract
  // - Has a lifetime gas fee limit of 1 ETH
  // - Expires after 24 hours

  import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
  import { LimitType } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client/sessions";
  import { toFunctionSelector, parseEther } from "viem";
  import { privateKeyToAccount, generatePrivateKey } from "viem/accounts";

  // Generate a new session key pair
  const sessionPrivateKey = generatePrivateKey();
  const sessionSigner = privateKeyToAccount(sessionPrivateKey);

  export default function CreateSession() {
    const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

    async function createSession() {
      if (!agwClient) return;

      const { session } = await agwClient.createSession({
        session: {
          signer: sessionSigner.address,
          expiresAt: BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 60 * 24),
          feeLimit: {
            limitType: LimitType.Lifetime,
            limit: parseEther("1"),
            period: BigInt(0),
          },
          callPolicies: [
            {
              target: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA", // NFT contract
              selector: toFunctionSelector("mint(address,uint256)"),
              valueLimit: {
                limitType: LimitType.Unlimited,
                limit: BigInt(0),
                period: BigInt(0),
              },
              maxValuePerUse: BigInt(0),
              constraints: [],
            }
          ],
          transferPolicies: [],
        },
      });
    }
  }
  ```

  ```tsx transfer-policies.ts
  // This example shows how to create a session key that can only transfer ETH to specific addresses.
  // It sets up two recipients with different limits: one with a daily allowance,
  // and another with a lifetime limit on total transfers.

  import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
  import { LimitType } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client/sessions";
  import { parseEther } from "viem";
  import { privateKeyToAccount, generatePrivateKey } from "viem/accounts";

  // Generate a new session key pair
  const sessionPrivateKey = generatePrivateKey();
  const sessionSigner = privateKeyToAccount(sessionPrivateKey);

  export default function CreateSession() {
    const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

    async function createSession() {
      if (!agwClient) return;

      const { session } = await agwClient.createSession({
        session: {
          signer: sessionSigner.address,
          expiresAt: BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 60 * 24 * 7), // 1 week
          feeLimit: {
            limitType: LimitType.Lifetime,
            limit: parseEther("0.1"),
            period: BigInt(0),
          },
          callPolicies: [],
          transferPolicies: [
            {
              target: "0x1234567890123456789012345678901234567890", // Allowed recipient 1
              maxValuePerUse: parseEther("0.1"), // Max 0.1 ETH per transfer
              valueLimit: {
                limitType: LimitType.Allowance,
                limit: parseEther("1"), // Max 1 ETH per day
                period: BigInt(60 * 60 * 24), // 24 hours
              },
            },
            {
              target: "0x9876543210987654321098765432109876543210", // Allowed recipient 2
              maxValuePerUse: parseEther("0.5"), // Max 0.5 ETH per transfer
              valueLimit: {
                limitType: LimitType.Lifetime,
                limit: parseEther("2"), // Max 2 ETH total
                period: BigInt(0),
              },
            }
          ],
        },
      });
    }
  }
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="session" type="SessionConfig" required>
  Configuration for the session key, including:

  <Expandable title="Session Config Fields">
    <ResponseField name="signer" type="Address" required>
      The address that will be allowed to sign transactions (session public key).
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="expiresAt" type="bigint" required>
      Unix timestamp when the session key expires.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="feeLimit" type="Limit" required>
      Maximum gas fees that can be spent using this session key.

      <Expandable title="Limit Type">
        <ResponseField name="limitType" type="LimitType" required>
          The type of limit to apply:

          * `LimitType.Unlimited` (0): No limit
          * `LimitType.Lifetime` (1): Total limit over the session lifetime
          * `LimitType.Allowance` (2): Limit per time period
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="limit" type="bigint" required>
          The maximum amount allowed.
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="period" type="bigint" required>
          The time period in seconds for allowance limits. Set to 0 for Unlimited/Lifetime limits.
        </ResponseField>
      </Expandable>
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="callPolicies" type="CallPolicy[]" required>
      Array of policies defining which contract functions can be called.

      <Expandable title="CallPolicy Type">
        <ResponseField name="target" type="Address" required>
          The contract address that can be called.
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="selector" type="Hash" required>
          The function selector that can be called on the target contract.
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="valueLimit" type="Limit" required>
          The limit on the amount of native tokens that can be sent with the call.
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="maxValuePerUse" type="bigint" required>
          Maximum value that can be sent in a single transaction.
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="constraints" type="Constraint[]" required>
          Array of constraints on function parameters.

          <Expandable title="Constraint Type">
            <ResponseField name="index" type="bigint" required>
              The index of the parameter to constrain.
            </ResponseField>

            <ResponseField name="condition" type="ConstraintCondition" required>
              The type of constraint:

              * `Unconstrained` (0)
              * `Equal` (1)
              * `Greater` (2)
              * `Less` (3)
              * `GreaterEqual` (4)
              * `LessEqual` (5)
              * `NotEqual` (6)
            </ResponseField>

            <ResponseField name="refValue" type="Hash" required>
              The reference value to compare against.
            </ResponseField>

            <ResponseField name="limit" type="Limit" required>
              The limit to apply to this parameter.
            </ResponseField>
          </Expandable>
        </ResponseField>
      </Expandable>
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="transferPolicies" type="TransferPolicy[]" required>
      Array of policies defining transfer limits for simple value transfers.

      <Expandable title="TransferPolicy Type">
        <ResponseField name="target" type="Address" required>
          The address that can receive transfers.
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="maxValuePerUse" type="bigint" required>
          Maximum value that can be sent in a single transfer.
        </ResponseField>

        <ResponseField name="valueLimit" type="Limit" required>
          The total limit on transfers to this address.
        </ResponseField>
      </Expandable>
    </ResponseField>
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

## Returns

<ResponseField name="transactionHash" type="Hash | undefined">
  The transaction hash if a transaction was needed to enable sessions.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="session" type="SessionConfig">
  The created session configuration.
</ResponseField>


# createSessionClient
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSessionClient

Function to create a new SessionClient without an existing AbstractClient.

The `createSessionClient` function creates a new `SessionClient` instance directly, without requiring an existing [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient).
If you have an existing [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient), use the [toSessionClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/toSessionClient) method instead.

## Usage

<CodeGroup>
  ```tsx example.ts
  import { createSessionClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client/sessions";
  import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";
  import { http, parseAbi } from "viem";
  import { privateKeyToAccount, generatePrivateKey } from "viem/accounts";

  // The session signer (from createSession)
  const sessionPrivateKey = generatePrivateKey();
  const sessionSigner = privateKeyToAccount(sessionPrivateKey);

  // Create a session client directly
  const sessionClient = createSessionClient({
    account: "0x1234...", // The Abstract Global Wallet address
    chain: abstractTestnet,
    signer: sessionSigner,
    session: {
      // ... See createSession docs for session configuration options
    },
    transport: http(), // Optional - defaults to http()
  });

  // Use the session client to make transactions
  const hash = await sessionClient.writeContract({
    address: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA",
    abi: parseAbi(["function mint(address,uint256) external"]),
    functionName: "mint",
    args: [address, BigInt(1)],
  });
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="account" type="Account | Address" required>
  The Abstract Global Wallet address or Account object that the session key will act on behalf of.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="chain" type="ChainEIP712" required>
  The chain configuration object that supports EIP-712.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="signer" type="Account" required>
  The session key account that will be used to sign transactions. Must match the signer address in the session configuration.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="session" type="SessionConfig" required>
  The session configuration created by [createSession](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSession).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="transport" type="Transport">
  The transport configuration for connecting to the network. Defaults to HTTP if not provided.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

<ResponseField name="sessionClient" type="SessionClient">
  A new SessionClient instance that uses the session key for signing transactions. All transactions will be validated against the session's policies.
</ResponseField>


# Session keys
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/overview

Explore session keys, how to create them, and how to use them with the Abstract Global Wallet.

Session keys are temporary keys that are approved to execute a pre-defined set of actions on behalf of an Abstract Global Wallet without the need for the owner to sign each transaction.

They unlock seamless user experiences by executing transactions behind the scenes without interrupting the user with popups; powerful for games, mobile apps, and more.

## How to use session keys

<Steps>
  <Step title="Create a session key">
    Create a new session key that defines specific actions allowed to be executed on behalf of the Abstract Global Wallet using [createSession](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSession).

    This session key is an account that is approved to execute the actions defined in the session configuration on behalf of the Abstract Global Wallet.

    <Warning>
      It is highly recommended to create a new session **signer key** for each user.

      Using the same signer key for multiple
      sessions compromises security isolation - if the key is exposed, all associated sessions become vulnerable rather than containing the risk to a single session.
    </Warning>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Store the session key">
    Store the session key in the location of your choice, such as local storage or a backend database.

    Keys are approved to execute the actions defined in the session configuration on behalf of the Abstract Global Wallet until they expire.

    <Warning>
      It is recommended to encrypt the signer keys before storing them.
    </Warning>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Use the session key">
    Create a `SessionClient` instance using either:

    * [toSessionClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/toSessionClient) if you have an existing [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient) available.
    * [createSessionClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSessionClient) if you don’t already have an [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient), such as from a backend environment.

    Use the client to submit transactions and perform actions (e.g. [writeContract](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/writeContract)) without requiring the user to approve each transaction. Transactions are signed by the session key account and are submitted `from` the Abstract Global Wallet.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Optional - Revoke the session key">
    Session keys naturally expire after the duration specified in the session configuration.

    However, if you need to revoke a session key before it expires, you can do so using [revokeSessions](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/revokeSessions).
  </Step>
</Steps>


# revokeSessions
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/revokeSessions

Function to revoke session keys from the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient) includes a `revokeSessions` method that can be used to revoke session keys from the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

This allows you to invalidate existing session keys, preventing them from being used for future transactions.

## Usage

Revoke session(s) by providing either:

* The session configuration object(s) (see [parameters](#parameters)).
* The session hash(es) returned by [getSessionHash()](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/agw-sdk/blob/ea8db618788c6e93100efae7f475da6f4f281aeb/packages/agw-client/src/sessions.ts#L213).

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function RevokeSessions() {
  const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

  async function revokeSessions() {
    if (!agwClient) return;

    // Revoke a single session by passing the session configuration
    const { transactionHash } = await agwClient.revokeSessions({
      session: existingSession, 
    });

    // Or - revoke multiple sessions at once
    const { transactionHash } = await agwClient.revokeSessions({
      session: [existingSession1, existingSession2], 
    });

    // Or - revoke sessions using their creation transaction hashes
    const { transactionHash } = await agwClient.revokeSessions({
      session: "0x1234...", 
    });

    // Or - revoke multiple sessions using their creation transaction hashes
    const { transactionHash } = await agwClient.revokeSessions({
      session: ["0x1234...", "0x5678..."], 
    });

    // Or - revoke multiple sessions using both session configuration and creation transaction hashes in the same call
    const { transactionHash } = await agwClient.revokeSessions({
      session: [existingSession, "0x1234..."], 
    });
  }
}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="session" type="SessionConfig | Hash | (SessionConfig | Hash)[]" required>
  The session(s) to revoke. Can be provided in three formats:

  * A single `SessionConfig` object

  * A single session key creation transaction hash from [createSession](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSession).

  * An array of `SessionConfig` objects and/or session key creation transaction hashes.

  See [createSession](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSession) for more information on the `SessionConfig` object.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

<ResponseField name="transactionHash" type="Hash">
  The transaction hash of the revocation transaction.
</ResponseField>


# toSessionClient
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/toSessionClient

Function to create an AbstractClient using a session key.

The `toSessionClient` function creates a new `SessionClient` instance that can submit transactions and perform actions (e.g. [writeContract](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/writeContract)) from the Abstract Global wallet signed by a session key.

If a transaction violates any of the session key’s policies, it will be rejected.

## Usage

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import { parseAbi } from "viem";
import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";
import { useAccount } from "wagmi";

export default function Example() {
    const { address } = useAccount();
    const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

    async function sendTransactionWithSessionKey() {
        if (!agwClient || !address) return;

        // Use the existing session signer and session that you created with useCreateSession
        // Likely you want to store these inside a database or solution like AWS KMS and load them
        const sessionClient = agwClient.toSessionClient(sessionSigner, session);

        const hash = await sessionClient.writeContract({
            abi: parseAbi(["function mint(address,uint256) external"]),
            account: sessionClient.account,
            chain: abstractTestnet,
            address: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA",
            functionName: "mint",
            args: [address, BigInt(1)],
        });
    }

    return <button onClick={sendTransactionWithSessionKey}>Send Transaction with Session Key</button>;
}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="sessionSigner" type="Account" required>
  The account that will be used to sign transactions. This must match the signer address specified in the session configuration.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="session" type="SessionConfig" required>
  The session configuration created by [createSession](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/createSession).
</ResponseField>

## Returns

<ResponseField name="sessionClient" type="AbstractClient">
  A new AbstractClient instance that uses the session key for signing transactions. All transactions will be validated against the session's policies.
</ResponseField>


# transformEIP1193Provider
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/transformEIP1193Provider

Function to transform an EIP1193 provider into an Abstract Global Wallet client.

The `transformEIP1193Provider` function transforms a standard [EIP1193 provider](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1193)
into an Abstract Global Wallet (AGW) compatible provider.
This allows you to use existing wallet providers with Abstract Global Wallet.

## Import

```tsx
import { transformEIP1193Provider } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { transformEIP1193Provider } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client";
import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";
import { getDefaultProvider } from "ethers";

// Assume we have an EIP1193 provider
const originalProvider = getDefaultProvider();

const agwProvider = transformEIP1193Provider({
  provider: originalProvider,
  chain: abstractTestnet,
});

// Now you can use agwProvider as a drop-in replacement
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="options" type="TransformEIP1193ProviderOptions" required>
  An object containing the following properties:

  <Expandable title="properties">
    <ResponseField name="provider" type="EIP1193Provider" required>
      The original EIP1193 provider to be transformed.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="chain" type="Chain" required>
      The blockchain network to connect to.
    </ResponseField>

    <ResponseField name="transport" type="Transport" optional>
      An optional custom transport layer. If not provided, it will use the
      default transport based on the provider.
    </ResponseField>
  </Expandable>
</ResponseField>

## Returns

An `EIP1193Provider` instance with modified behavior for specific JSON-RPC methods to be compatible with the Abstract Global Wallet.

## How it works

The `transformEIP1193Provider` function wraps the original provider and intercepts specific Ethereum JSON-RPC methods:

1. `eth_accounts`: Returns the smart account address along with the original signer address.
2. `eth_signTransaction` and `eth_sendTransaction`:
   * If the transaction is from the original signer, it passes through to the original provider.
   * If it's from the smart account, it uses the AGW client to handle the transaction.

For all other methods, it passes the request through to the original provider.


# getLinkedAccounts
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/getLinkedAccounts

Function to get all Ethereum wallets linked to an Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient) includes a `getLinkedAccounts` method that can be used to retrieve all Ethereum Mainnet wallets that have been linked to an Abstract Global Wallet.

## Usage

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function CheckLinkedAccounts() {
  const { data: agwClient } = useAbstractClient();

  async function checkLinkedAccounts() {
    if (!agwClient) return;
    
    // Get all linked Ethereum Mainnet wallets for an AGW
    const { linkedAccounts } = await agwClient.getLinkedAccounts({
      agwAddress: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6", // The AGW to check
    });

    console.log("Linked accounts:", linkedAccounts);
  }

  return <button onClick={checkLinkedAccounts}>Check Linked Accounts</button>;
}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="agwAddress" type="Address" required>
  The address of the Abstract Global Wallet to check for linked accounts.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

<ResponseField name="linkedAccounts" type="Address[]">
  An array of Ethereum wallet addresses that are linked to the AGW.
</ResponseField>


# getLinkedAgw
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/getLinkedAgw

Function to get the linked Abstract Global Wallet for an Ethereum Mainnet address.

The `getLinkedAgw` function is available when extending a [Viem Client](https://viem.sh/docs/clients/custom.html) with `linkableWalletActions`. It can be used to check if an Ethereum Mainnet address has linked an Abstract Global Wallet.

## Usage

```tsx
import { linkableWalletActions } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client";
import { createWalletClient, custom } from "viem";
import { sepolia } from "viem/chains";

export default function CheckLinkedWallet() {
  async function checkLinkedWallet() {
    // Initialize a Viem Wallet client: (https://viem.sh/docs/clients/wallet)
    // And extend it with linkableWalletActions
    const client = createWalletClient({
      chain: sepolia,
      transport: custom(window.ethereum!),
    }).extend(linkableWalletActions());

    // Check if an address has a linked AGW
    const { agw } = await client.getLinkedAgw();

    if (agw) {
      console.log("Linked AGW:", agw);
    } else {
      console.log("No linked AGW found");
    }
  }

  return <button onClick={checkLinkedWallet}>Check Linked AGW</button>;
}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="address" type="Address">
  The Ethereum Mainnet address to check for a linked AGW. If not provided, defaults to the connected account's address.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

<ResponseField name="agw" type="Address | undefined">
  The address of the linked Abstract Global Wallet, or `undefined` if no AGW is linked.
</ResponseField>


# linkToAgw
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/linkToAgw

Function to link an Ethereum Mainnet wallet to an Abstract Global Wallet.

The [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient) includes a `linkToAgw` method that can be used to create a link between an Ethereum Mainnet wallet and an Abstract Global Wallet.

## Usage

```tsx
import { linkableWalletActions } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client";
import { createWalletClient, custom } from "viem";
import { sepolia, abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";

export default function LinkWallet() {
  async function linkAgwWallet() {
    // Initialize a Viem Wallet client: (https://viem.sh/docs/clients/wallet)
    // And extend it with linkableWalletActions
    const client = createWalletClient({
      chain: sepolia,
      transport: custom(window.ethereum!),
    }).extend(linkableWalletActions());

    // Call linkToAgw with the AGW address 
    const { l1TransactionHash, getL2TransactionHash } =
      await client.linkToAgw({
        agwAddress: "0x...", // The AGW address to link to
        enabled: true, // Enable or disable the link
        l2Chain: abstractTestnet, 
      });

    // Get the L2 transaction hash once the L1 transaction is confirmed
    const l2Hash = await getL2TransactionHash();
  }

  return <button onClick={linkAgwWallet}>Link Wallet</button>;

}
```

## Parameters

<ResponseField name="agwAddress" type="Address" required>
  The address of the Abstract Global Wallet to link to.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="enabled" type="boolean" required>
  Whether to enable or disable the link between the wallets.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="l2Chain" type="Chain" required>
  The Abstract chain to create the link on (e.g. `abstractTestnet`).
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="account" type="Account">
  The account to use for the transaction.
</ResponseField>

## Returns

<ResponseField name="l1TransactionHash" type="Hash">
  The transaction hash of the L1 transaction that initiated the link.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="getL2TransactionHash" type="() => Promise<Hash>">
  A function that returns a Promise resolving to the L2 transaction hash once
  the L1 transaction is confirmed.
</ResponseField>


# Wallet Linking
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/overview

Link wallets from Ethereum Mainnet to the Abstract Global Wallet.

You may want to allow users to perform actions with their Abstract Global Wallet (AGW) based on information from their Ethereum Mainnet wallet, for example to:

* Check if a user is whitelisted for an NFT mint based on their Ethereum Mainnet wallet.
* Read what NFTs or tokens the user holds in their Ethereum Mainnet wallet.

For these use cases, Abstract provides the [DelegateRegistry](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0x0000000059A24EB229eED07Ac44229DB56C5d797#code#F1#L16) contract that allows users to create a *link* between their Ethereum Mainnet wallet and their AGW.

This link is created by having users sign a transaction on Ethereum Mainnet that includes their Abstract Global Wallet address; creating a way for applications to read what wallets are linked to an AGW.

The linking process is available in the SDK to enable you to perform the link in your application, however users can also
perform the link directly on [Abstract’s Global Linking page](https://link.abs.xyz/).

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card icon="link" title="Abstract Global Linking Site" href="https://link-testnet.abs.xyz/">
    Link an Ethereum Mainnet wallet to your Abstract Global Wallet.
  </Card>

  <Card icon="link" title="Abstract Global Linking Site Testnet" href="https://link-testnet.abs.xyz/">
    Link a Sepolia Testnet wallet to your testnet Abstract Global Wallet.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## How It Works

<Steps>
  <Step title="Link wallets">
    On Ethereum Mainnet, users submit a transaction that calls the [delegateAll](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0x0000000059A24EB229eED07Ac44229DB56C5d797#code#F1#L44) function on the
    [DelegateRegistry](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0x0000000059A24EB229eED07Ac44229DB56C5d797#code#F1#L16) contract to initialize a link between their Ethereum Mainnet wallet and their Abstract Global Wallet:

    Once submitted, the delegation information is bridged from Ethereum to Abstract via the [BridgeHub](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0x35A54c8C757806eB6820629bc82d90E056394C92)
    contract to become available on Abstract.

    You can trigger this flow in your application by using the [linkToAgw](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/linkToAgw) function.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Check linked wallets">
    To view the linked EOAs for an AGW and vice versa, the [ExclusiveDelegateResolver](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0x0000000078CC4Cc1C14E27c0fa35ED6E5E58825D#code#F1#L19)
    contract can be used, which contains the following functions to read delegation information:

    <AccordionGroup>
      <Accordion title="exclusiveWalletByRights">
        Given an EOA address as input, returns either:

        * ✅ If the EOA has an AGW linked: the AGW address.
        * ❌ If the EOA does not have an AGW linked: the EOA address.

        Use this to check if an EOA has an AGW linked, or to validate that an AGW is performing a transaction on behalf of a linked EOA

        ```solidity
        function exclusiveWalletByRights(
          address vault,    // The EOA address
          bytes24 rights   // The rights identifier to check
        ) returns (address)
        ```

        Use the following `rights` value to check the AGW link:

        ```solidity
        bytes24 constant _AGW_LINK_RIGHTS = bytes24(keccak256("AGW_LINK"));
        ```
      </Accordion>

      <Accordion title="delegatedWalletsByRights">
        Given an AGW address as input, returns a list of L1 wallets that have linked to the AGW.
        Use this to check what EOAs have been linked to a specific AGW (can be multiple).

        ```solidity
        function delegatedWalletsByRights(
          address wallet,   // The AGW to check delegations for
          bytes24 rights   // The rights identifier to check
        ) returns (address[])
        ```

        Use the following `rights` value to check the AGW link:

        ```solidity
        bytes24 constant _AGW_LINK_RIGHTS = bytes24(keccak256("AGW_LINK"));
        ```
      </Accordion>

      <Accordion title="exclusiveOwnerByRights">
        Given an NFT contract address and token ID as input, returns:

        * ✅ If the NFT owner has linked an AGW: the AGW address.
        * ❌ If the NFT owner has not linked an AGW: the NFT owner address.

        ```solidity
        function exclusiveOwnerByRights(
          address contractAddress,  // The ERC721 contract address
          uint256 tokenId,         // The token ID to check
          bytes24 rights           // The rights identifier to check
        ) returns (address)
        ```

        Use the following `rights` value to check the AGW link:

        ```solidity
        bytes24 constant _AGW_LINK_RIGHTS = bytes24(keccak256("AGW_LINK"));
        ```
      </Accordion>
    </AccordionGroup>

    This information can be read using the SDK methods; [getLinkedAgw](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/getLinkedAgw) and [getLinkedAccounts](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/getLinkedAccounts).
  </Step>
</Steps>


# Reading Wallet Links in Solidity
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/wallet-linking/reading-links-in-solidity

How to read links between Ethereum wallets and Abstract Global Wallets in Solidity.

The [ExclusiveDelegateResolver](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0x0000000078CC4Cc1C14E27c0fa35ED6E5E58825D#code#F1#L19) contract
provides functions to read wallet links in your Solidity smart contracts. This allows you to build features like:

* Checking if a user has linked their AGW before allowing them to mint an NFT
* Allowing users to claim tokens based on NFTs they own in their Ethereum Mainnet wallet

## Reading Links

First, define the rights identifier used for AGW links:

```solidity
bytes24 constant _AGW_LINK_RIGHTS = bytes24(keccak256("AGW_LINK"));

IExclusiveDelegateResolver public constant DELEGATE_RESOLVER =
    IExclusiveDelegateResolver(0x0000000078CC4Cc1C14E27c0fa35ED6E5E58825D);
```

Then use one of the following functions to read link information:

### Check if an EOA has linked an AGW

Use `exclusiveWalletByRights` to check if an EOA has an AGW linked:

```solidity
function checkLinkedAGW(address eoa) public view returns (address) {
    // Returns either:
    // - If EOA has linked an AGW: the AGW address
    // - If EOA has not linked an AGW: the EOA address
    return DELEGATE_RESOLVER.exclusiveWalletByRights(eoa, _AGW_LINK_RIGHTS);
}
```

### Check NFT owner's linked AGW

Use `exclusiveOwnerByRights` to check if an NFT owner has linked an AGW:

```solidity
function checkNFTOwnerAGW(address nftContract, uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) {
    // Returns either:
    // - If NFT owner has linked an AGW: the AGW address
    // - If NFT owner has not linked an AGW: the NFT owner address
    return DELEGATE_RESOLVER.exclusiveOwnerByRights(nftContract, tokenId, _AGW_LINK_RIGHTS);
}
```


# AbstractWalletProvider
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/AbstractWalletProvider

The AbstractWalletProvider component is a wrapper component that provides the Abstract Global Wallet context to your application, allowing you to use hooks and components.

Wrap your application in the `AbstractWalletProvider` component to enable the use of the package's hooks and components
throughout your application.
[Learn more on the Native Integration guide](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/native-integration).

```tsx
import { AbstractWalletProvider } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import { abstractTestnet, abstract } from "viem/chains"; // Use abstract for mainnet

const App = () => {
  return (
    <AbstractWalletProvider
      chain={abstractTestnet} // Use abstract for mainnet
      // Optionally, provide your own RPC URL
      // transport={http("https://.../rpc")}
      // Optionally, provide your own QueryClient
      // queryClient={queryClient}
    >
      {/* Your application components */}
    </AbstractWalletProvider>
  );
};
```

## Props

<ResponseField name="chain" type="Chain" required>
  The chain to connect to. Must be either `abstractTestnet` or `abstract` (for
  mainnet). The provider will throw an error if an unsupported chain is
  provided.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="transport" type="Transport">
  Optional. A [Viem Transport](https://viem.sh/docs/clients/transports/http.html) instance to use if you
  want to connect to a custom RPC URL.

  If not provided, the default HTTP transport will be used.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="queryClient" type="QueryClient">
  Optional. A [@tanstack/react-query QueryClient](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/reference/QueryClient#queryclient) instance
  to use for data fetching.

  If not provided, a new QueryClient instance will be created with default settings.
</ResponseField>


# useAbstractClient
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useAbstractClient

Hook for creating and managing an Abstract client instance.

Gets the [Wallet client](https://viem.sh/docs/clients/wallet)
exposed by the [AbstractWalletProvider](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/AbstractWalletProvider) context.
Use this client to perform actions from the connected Abstract Global Wallet, for example
[deployContract](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/deployContract),
[sendTransaction](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/sendTransaction),
[writeContract](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/writeContract), etc.

## Import

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function Example() {
  const { data: abstractClient, isLoading, error } = useAbstractClient();

  // Use the client to perform actions such as sending transactions or deploying contracts
  async function submitTx() {
    if (!abstractClient) return;

    const hash = await abstractClient.sendTransaction({
      to: "0x8e729E23CDc8bC21c37a73DA4bA9ebdddA3C8B6d",
      data: "0x69",
    });
  }

  // ... rest of your component ...
}
```

## Returns

Returns a `UseQueryResult<AbstractClient, Error>`.

<Expandable title="properties">
  <ResponseField name="data" type="AbstractClient | undefined">
    The
    [AbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/createAbstractClient)
    instance from the
    [AbstractWalletProvider](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/AbstractWalletProvider)
    context.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="dataUpdatedAt" type="number">
    The timestamp for when the query most recently returned the status as
    'success'.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="error" type="null | Error">
    The error object for the query, if an error was thrown. Defaults to null.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="errorUpdatedAt" type="number">
    The timestamp for when the query most recently returned the status as 'error'.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="errorUpdateCount" type="number">
    The sum of all errors.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="failureCount" type="number">
    The failure count for the query. Incremented every time the query fails. Reset
    to 0 when the query succeeds.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="failureReason" type="null | Error">
    The failure reason for the query retry. Reset to null when the query succeeds.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="fetchStatus" type="'fetching' | 'idle' | 'paused'">
    * fetching: Is true whenever the queryFn is executing, which includes initial
      pending state as well as background refetches. - paused: The query wanted to fetch,
      but has been paused. - idle: The query is not fetching. See Network Mode for
      more information.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isError / isPending / isSuccess" type="boolean">
    Boolean variables derived from status.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isFetched" type="boolean">
    Will be true if the query has been fetched.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isFetchedAfterMount" type="boolean">
    Will be true if the query has been fetched after the component mounted. This
    property can be used to not show any previously cached data.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isFetching / isPaused" type="boolean">
    Boolean variables derived from fetchStatus.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isLoading" type="boolean">
    Is `true` whenever the first fetch for a query is in-flight. Is the same as
    `isFetching && isPending`.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isLoadingError" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the query failed while fetching for the first time.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isPlaceholderData" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the data shown is the placeholder data.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isRefetchError" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the query failed while refetching.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isRefetching" type="boolean">
    Is true whenever a background refetch is in-flight, which does not include
    initial `pending`. Is the same as `isFetching && !isPending`.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isStale" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the data in the cache is invalidated or if the data is older
    than the given staleTime.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="refetch" type="(options?: {cancelRefetch?: boolean}) => Promise<QueryObserverResult<AbstractClient, Error>>">
    A function to manually refetch the query.

    * `cancelRefetch`: When set to `true`, a
      currently running request will be canceled before a new request is made. When
      set to false, no refetch will be made if there is already a request running. Defaults to `true`.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="status" type="'error' | 'pending' | 'success'">
    * `pending`: if there's no cached data and no query attempt was finished yet.
    * `error`: if the query attempt resulted in an error. The corresponding error
      property has the error received from the attempted fetch.
    * `success`: if the query has received a response with no errors and is ready to display its data.

      The corresponding data property on the query is the data received from the
      successful fetch or if the query's enabled property is set to false and has not been fetched
      yet, data is the first initialData supplied to the query on initialization.
  </ResponseField>
</Expandable>


# useCreateSession
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useCreateSession

Hook for creating a session key.

Use the `useCreateSession` hook to create a session key for the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

## Import

```tsx
import { useCreateSession } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { useCreateSession } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import { generatePrivateKey, privateKeyToAccount } from "viem/accounts";
import { LimitType } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client/sessions";
import { toFunctionSelector, parseEther } from "viem";

export default function CreateSessionExample() {
  const { createSessionAsync } = useCreateSession();

  async function handleCreateSession() {
    const sessionPrivateKey = generatePrivateKey();
    const sessionSigner = privateKeyToAccount(sessionPrivateKey);

    const { session, transactionHash } = await createSessionAsync({
      session: {
        signer: sessionSigner.address,
        expiresAt: BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + 60 * 60 * 24), // 24 hours
        feeLimit: {
          limitType: LimitType.Lifetime,
          limit: parseEther("1"), // 1 ETH lifetime gas limit
          period: BigInt(0),
        },
        callPolicies: [
          {
            target: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA", // Contract address
            selector: toFunctionSelector("mint(address,uint256)"), // Allowed function
            valueLimit: {
              limitType: LimitType.Unlimited,
              limit: BigInt(0),
              period: BigInt(0),
            },
            maxValuePerUse: BigInt(0),
            constraints: [],
          }
        ],
        transferPolicies: [],
      }
    });
  }

  return <button onClick={handleCreateSession}>Create Session</button>;
}
```

## Returns

<ResponseField name="createSession" type="function">
  Function to create a session key. Returns a Promise that resolves to the created session configuration.

  ```ts
  {
    transactionHash: Hash | undefined; // Transaction hash if deployment was needed
    session: SessionConfig; // The created session configuration
  }
  ```
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="createSessionAsync" type="function">
  Async mutation function to create a session key for `async` `await` syntax.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="isPending" type="boolean">
  Whether the session creation is in progress.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="isError" type="boolean">
  Whether the session creation resulted in an error.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="error" type="Error | null">
  Error object if the session creation failed.
</ResponseField>


# useGlobalWalletSignerAccount
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useGlobalWalletSignerAccount

Hook to get the approved signer of the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

Use the `useGlobalWalletSignerAccount` hook to retrieve the [account](https://viem.sh/docs/ethers-migration#signers--accounts)
approved to sign transactions for the connected Abstract Global Wallet. This is helpful if you need to access the underlying [EOA](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/accounts/#types-of-account)
approved to sign transactions for the Abstract Global Wallet smart contract.

It uses the [useAccount](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useAccount) hook from [wagmi](https://wagmi.sh/) under the hood.

## Import

```tsx
import { useGlobalWalletSignerAccount } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { useGlobalWalletSignerAccount } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function App() {
  const { address, status } = useGlobalWalletSignerAccount();

  if (status === "disconnected") return <div>Disconnected</div>;

  if (status === "connecting" || status === "reconnecting") {
    return <div>Connecting...</div>;
  }

  return (
    <div>
      Connected to EOA: {address}
      Status: {status}
    </div>
  );
}
```

## Returns

Returns a `UseAccountReturnType<Config>`.

<Expandable title="properties">
  <ResponseField name="address" type="Hex | undefined">
    The specific address of the approved signer account (selected using `useAccount`'s `addresses[1]`).
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="addresses" type="readonly Hex[] | undefined">
    An array of all addresses connected to the application.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="chain" type="Chain">
    Information about the currently connected blockchain network.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="chainId" type="number">
    The ID of the current blockchain network.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="connector" type="Connector">
    The connector instance used to manage the connection.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isConnected" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the account is currently connected.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isReconnecting" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the account is attempting to reconnect.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isConnecting" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the account is in the process of connecting.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isDisconnected" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the account is disconnected.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="status" type="'connected' | 'connecting' | 'reconnecting' | 'disconnected'">
    A string representing the connection status of the account to the application.

    * `'connecting'` attempting to establish connection.
    * `'reconnecting'` attempting to re-establish connection to one or more connectors.
    * `'connected'` at least one connector is connected.
    * `'disconnected'` no connection to any connector.
  </ResponseField>
</Expandable>


# useGlobalWalletSignerClient
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useGlobalWalletSignerClient

Hook to get a wallet client instance of the approved signer of the connected Abstract Global Wallet.

Use the `useGlobalWalletSignerClient` hook to get a [wallet client](https://viem.sh/docs/clients/wallet)
instance that can perform actions from the underlying [EOA](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/accounts/#types-of-account)
approved to sign transactions for the Abstract Global Wallet smart contract.

This hook is different from [useAbstractClient](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useAbstractClient), which
performs actions (e.g. sending a transaction) from the Abstract Global Wallet smart contract itself, not the EOA approved to sign transactions for it.

It uses wagmi’s [useWalletClient](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useWalletClient) hook under the hood, returning
a [wallet client](https://viem.sh/docs/clients/wallet) instance with the `account` set as the approved EOA of the Abstract Global Wallet.

## Import

```tsx
import { useGlobalWalletSignerClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { useGlobalWalletSignerClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function App() {
  const { data: client, isLoading, error } = useGlobalWalletSignerClient();

  // Use the client to perform actions such as sending transactions or deploying contracts
  async function submitTx() {
    if (!client) return;

    const hash = await client.sendTransaction({
      to: "0x8e729E23CDc8bC21c37a73DA4bA9ebdddA3C8B6d",
      data: "0x69",
    });
  }

  // ... rest of your component ...
}
```

## Returns

Returns a `UseQueryResult<UseWalletClientReturnType, Error>`.

See [wagmi's useWalletClient](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useWalletClient) for more information.

<Expandable title="properties">
  <ResponseField name="data" type="UseWalletClientReturnType | undefined">
    The wallet client instance connected to the approved signer of the connected
    Abstract Global Wallet.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="dataUpdatedAt" type="number">
    The timestamp for when the query most recently returned the status as
    'success'.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="error" type="null | Error">
    The error object for the query, if an error was thrown. Defaults to null.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="errorUpdatedAt" type="number">
    The timestamp for when the query most recently returned the status as 'error'.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="errorUpdateCount" type="number">
    The sum of all errors.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="failureCount" type="number">
    The failure count for the query. Incremented every time the query fails. Reset
    to 0 when the query succeeds.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="failureReason" type="null | Error">
    The failure reason for the query retry. Reset to null when the query succeeds.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="fetchStatus" type="'fetching' | 'idle' | 'paused'">
    * fetching: Is true whenever the queryFn is executing, which includes initial
      pending state as well as background refetches. - paused: The query wanted to fetch,
      but has been paused. - idle: The query is not fetching. See Network Mode for
      more information.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isError / isPending / isSuccess" type="boolean">
    Boolean variables derived from status.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isFetched" type="boolean">
    Will be true if the query has been fetched.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isFetchedAfterMount" type="boolean">
    Will be true if the query has been fetched after the component mounted. This
    property can be used to not show any previously cached data.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isFetching / isPaused" type="boolean">
    Boolean variables derived from fetchStatus.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isLoading" type="boolean">
    Is `true` whenever the first fetch for a query is in-flight. Is the same as
    `isFetching && isPending`.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isLoadingError" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the query failed while fetching for the first time.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isPlaceholderData" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the data shown is the placeholder data.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isRefetchError" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the query failed while refetching.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isRefetching" type="boolean">
    Is true whenever a background refetch is in-flight, which does not include
    initial `pending`. Is the same as `isFetching && !isPending`.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isStale" type="boolean">
    Will be `true` if the data in the cache is invalidated or if the data is older
    than the given staleTime.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="refetch" type="(options?: {cancelRefetch?: boolean}) => Promise<QueryObserverResult<AbstractClient, Error>>">
    A function to manually refetch the query.

    * `cancelRefetch`: When set to `true`, a
      currently running request will be canceled before a new request is made. When
      set to false, no refetch will be made if there is already a request running. Defaults to `true`.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="status" type="'error' | 'pending' | 'success'">
    * `pending`: if there's no cached data and no query attempt was finished yet.
    * `error`: if the query attempt resulted in an error. The corresponding error
      property has the error received from the attempted fetch.
    * `success`: if the query has received a response with no errors and is ready to display its data.

      The corresponding data property on the query is the data received from the
      successful fetch or if the query's enabled property is set to false and has not been fetched
      yet, data is the first initialData supplied to the query on initialization.
  </ResponseField>
</Expandable>


# useLoginWithAbstract
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useLoginWithAbstract

Hook for signing in and signing out users with Abstract Global Wallet.

Use the `useLoginWithAbstract` hook to prompt users to sign up or sign into your application using Abstract Global Wallet
and optionally sign out once connected.

It uses the following hooks from [wagmi](https://wagmi.sh/) under the hood:

* `login`: [useConnect](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useConnect).
* `logout`: [useDisconnect](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useDisconnect).

## Import

```tsx
import { useLoginWithAbstract } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { useLoginWithAbstract } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function App() {
  const { login, logout } = useLoginWithAbstract();

  return <button onClick={login}>Login with Abstract</button>;
}
```

## Returns

<ResponseField name="login" type="function">
  Opens the signup/login modal to prompt the user to connect to the application
  using Abstract Global Wallet.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="logout" type="function">
  Disconnects the user's wallet from the application.
</ResponseField>

## Demo

View the [live demo](https://create-abstract-app.vercel.app/) to see Abstract Global Wallet in action.

If the user does not have an Abstract Global Wallet, they will be prompted to create one:

<img className="block dark:hidden" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/agw-signup-2.gif" alt="Abstract Global Wallet with useLoginWithAbstract Light" />

<img className="hidden dark:block" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/agw-signup-2.gif" alt="Abstract Global Wallet with useLoginWithAbstract Dark" />

If the user already has an Abstract Global Wallet, they will be prompted to use it to sign in:

<img className="block dark:hidden" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/agw-signin.gif" alt="Abstract Global Wallet with useLoginWithAbstract Light" />

<img className="hidden dark:block" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/agw-signin.gif" alt="Abstract Global Wallet with useLoginWithAbstract Dark" />


# useRevokeSessions
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useRevokeSessions

Hook for revoking session keys.

Use the `useRevokeSessions` hook to revoke session keys from the connected Abstract Global Wallet, preventing the session keys from being able to execute any further transactions.

## Import

```tsx
import { useRevokeSessions } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { useRevokeSessions } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import type { SessionConfig } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-client/sessions";

export default function RevokeSessionExample() {
  const { revokeSessionsAsync } = useRevokeSessions();

  async function handleRevokeSession() {
    // Revoke a single session using its configuration
    await revokeSessionsAsync({
      sessions: existingSessionConfig,
    });

    // Revoke a single session using its creation transaction hash
    await revokeSessionsAsync({
      sessions: "0x1234...", 
    });

    // Revoke multiple sessions
    await revokeSessionsAsync({
      sessions: [
        existingSessionConfig,
        "0x1234...",
        anotherSessionConfig
      ],
    });
  }

  return <button onClick={handleRevokeSession}>Revoke Sessions</button>;
}
```

## Returns

<ResponseField name="revokeSessions" type="function">
  Function to revoke session keys. Accepts a `RevokeSessionsArgs` object containing:

  The session(s) to revoke. Can be provided as an array of:

  * Session configuration objects
  * Transaction hashes of when the sessions were created
  * A mix of both session configs and transaction hashes
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="revokeSessionsAsync" type="function">
  Async function to revoke session keys. Takes the same parameters as `revokeSessions`.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="isPending" type="boolean">
  Whether the session revocation is in progress.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="isError" type="boolean">
  Whether the session revocation resulted in an error.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="error" type="Error | null">
  Error object if the session revocation failed.
</ResponseField>


# useWriteContractSponsored
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useWriteContractSponsored

Hook for interacting with smart contracts using paymasters to cover gas fees.

Use the `useWriteContractSponsored` hook to initiate transactions on smart contracts with the transaction gas fees sponsored by a
[paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters).

It uses the [useWriteContract](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useWriteContract) hook from [wagmi](https://wagmi.sh/)
under the hood.

## Import

```tsx
import { useWriteContractSponsored } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
```

## Usage

```tsx
import { useWriteContractSponsored } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import { getGeneralPaymasterInput } from "viem/zksync";
import type { Abi } from "viem";

const contractAbi: Abi = [
  /* Your contract ABI here */
];

export default function App() {
  const { writeContractSponsored, data, error, isSuccess, isPending } =
    useWriteContractSponsored();

  const handleWriteContract = () => {
    writeContractSponsored({
      abi: contractAbi,
      address: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA",
      functionName: "mint",
      args: ["0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6", BigInt(1)],
      paymaster: "0x5407B5040dec3D339A9247f3654E59EEccbb6391",
      paymasterInput: getGeneralPaymasterInput({
        innerInput: "0x",
      }),
    });
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={handleWriteContract} disabled={isPending}>
        {isPending ? "Processing..." : "Execute Sponsored Transaction"}
      </button>
      {isSuccess && <div>Transaction Hash: {data}</div>}
      {error && <div>Error: {error.message}</div>}
    </div>
  );
}
```

## Returns

Returns a `UseWriteContractSponsoredReturnType<Config, unknown>`.

<Expandable title="properties">
  <ResponseField name="writeContractSponsored" type="function">
    Synchronous function to submit a transaction to a smart contract with gas
    fees sponsored by a paymaster.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="writeContractSponsoredAsync" type="function">
    Asynchronous function to submit a transaction to a smart contract with gas
    fees sponsored by a paymaster.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="data" type="Hex | undefined">
    The transaction hash of the sponsored transaction.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="error" type="WriteContractErrorType | null">
    The error if the transaction failed.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isSuccess" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the transaction was successful.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isPending" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the transaction is currently pending.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="context" type="unknown">
    Additional context information about the transaction.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="failureCount" type="number">
    The number of times the transaction has failed.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="failureReason" type="WriteContractErrorType | null">
    The reason for the transaction failure, if any.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isError" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the transaction resulted in an error.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isIdle" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the hook is in an idle state (no transaction has been initiated).
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="isPaused" type="boolean">
    Indicates if the transaction processing is paused.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="reset" type="() => void">
    A function to clean the mutation internal state (i.e., it resets the mutation
    to its initial state).
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="status" type="'idle' | 'pending' | 'success' | 'error'">
    The current status of the transaction.

    * `'idle'` initial status prior to the mutation function executing.
    * `'pending'` if the mutation is currently executing.
    * `'error'` if the last mutation attempt resulted in an error.
    * `'success'` if the last mutation attempt was successful.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="submittedAt" type="number">
    The timestamp when the transaction was submitted.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="submittedTransaction" type="TransactionRequest | undefined">
    The submitted transaction details.
  </ResponseField>

  <ResponseField name="variables" type="WriteContractSponsoredVariables<Abi, string, readonly unknown[], Config, number> | undefined">
    The variables used for the contract write operation.
  </ResponseField>
</Expandable>


# ConnectKit
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-connectkit

Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet with ConnectKit.

The `agw-react` package includes an option to include Abstract Global Wallet as a connection option in the ConnectKit `ConnectKitButton` component.

<Card title="AGW + ConnectKit Example Repo" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/agw-connectkit-nextjs">
  Use our example repo to quickly get started with AGW and ConnectKit.
</Card>

## Installation

Install the required dependencies:

```bash
npm install @abstract-foundation/agw-react @abstract-foundation/agw-client wagmi viem connectkit @tanstack/react-query @rainbow-me/rainbowkit
```

## Usage

### 1. Configure the Providers

Wrap your application in the required providers:

<CodeGroup>
  ```tsx Providers
  import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
  import { WagmiProvider } from "wagmi";
  import { ConnectKitProvider } from "connectkit";

  const queryClient = new QueryClient();

  export default function AbstractWalletWrapper({
    children,
  }: {
    children: React.ReactNode;
  }) {
    return (
      <WagmiProvider config={config}>
        <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
          <ConnectKitProvider>
            {/* Your application components */}
            {children}
          </ConnectKitProvider>
        </QueryClientProvider>
      </WagmiProvider>
    );
  }
  ```

  ```tsx Wagmi Config
  import { createConfig, http } from "wagmi";
  import { abstractTestnet, abstract } from "viem/chains"; // Use abstract for mainnet
  import { abstractWalletConnector } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react/connectors";

  export const config = createConfig({
    connectors: [abstractWalletConnector()],
    chains: [abstractTestnet],
    transports: {
      [abstractTestnet.id]: http(),
    },
    ssr: true,
  });
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### 2. Render the ConnectKitButton

Render the [ConnectKitButton](https://docs.family.co/connectkit/connect-button) component anywhere in your application:

```tsx
import { ConnectKitButton } from "connectkit";

export default function Home() {
  return <ConnectKitButton />;
}
```


# Dynamic
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-dynamic

Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet with Dynamic.

The `agw-react` package includes an option to include Abstract Global Wallet as a connection option in the Dynamic `DynamicWidget` component.

<Card title="AGW + Dynamic Example Repo" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/agw-dynamic-nextjs">
  Use our example repo to quickly get started with AGW and Dynamic.
</Card>

## Installation

Install the required dependencies:

```bash
npm install @abstract-foundation/agw-react @abstract-foundation/agw-client @dynamic-labs/sdk-react-core @dynamic-labs/ethereum @dynamic-labs-connectors/abstract-global-wallet-evm viem
```

## Usage

### 1. Configure the DynamicContextProvider

Wrap your application in the [DynamicContextProvider](https://docs.dynamic.xyz/react-sdk/components/dynamiccontextprovider) component:

<CodeGroup>
  ```tsx Providers
  import { DynamicContextProvider } from "@dynamic-labs/sdk-react-core";
  import { AbstractEvmWalletConnectors } from "@dynamic-labs-connectors/abstract-global-wallet-evm";
  import { Chain } from "viem";
  import { abstractTestnet, abstract } from "viem/chains"; // Use abstract for mainnet

  export default function AbstractWalletWrapper({
    children,
  }: {
    children: React.ReactNode;
  }) {
    return (
      <DynamicContextProvider
        theme="auto"
        settings={{
          overrides: {
            evmNetworks: [
              toDynamicChain(
                abstractTestnet,
                "https://abstract-assets.abs.xyz/icons/light.png"
              ),
            ],
          },
          environmentId: "your-dynamic-environment-id",
          walletConnectors: [AbstractEvmWalletConnectors],
        }}
      >
        {children}
      </DynamicContextProvider>
    );
  }
  ```

  ```tsx Config
  import { EvmNetwork } from "@dynamic-labs/sdk-react-core";
  import { Chain } from "viem";
  import { abstractTestnet, abstract } from "viem/chains";

  export function toDynamicChain(chain: Chain, iconUrl: string): EvmNetwork {
    return {
      ...chain,
      networkId: chain.id,
      chainId: chain.id,
      nativeCurrency: {
        ...chain.nativeCurrency,
        iconUrl: "https://app.dynamic.xyz/assets/networks/eth.svg",
      },
      iconUrls: [iconUrl],
      blockExplorerUrls: [chain.blockExplorers?.default?.url],
      rpcUrls: [...chain.rpcUrls.default.http],
    } as EvmNetwork;
  }
  ```
</CodeGroup>

<Tip>
  **Next.js App Router:** If you are using [Next.js App
  Router](https://nextjs.org/docs), create a new component and add the `use
    client` directive at the top of your file ([see
  example](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/agw-dynamic-nextjs/src/components/NextAbstractWalletProvider.tsx))
  and wrap your application in this component.
</Tip>

### 2. Render the DynamicWidget

Render the [DynamicWidget](https://docs.dynamic.xyz/react-sdk/components/dynamicwidget) component anywhere in your application:

```tsx
import { DynamicWidget } from "@dynamic-labs/sdk-react-core";

export default function Home() {
  return <DynamicWidget />;
}
```


# Privy
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-privy

Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet into an existing Privy application

[Privy](https://docs.privy.io/guide/react/quickstart) powers the login screen and
[EOA creation](/abstract-global-wallet/architecture#eoa-creation)
of Abstract Global Wallet, meaning you can use Privy’s features and SDKs natively alongside AGW.

The `agw-react` package provides an `AbstractPrivyProvider` component,
which wraps your application with the [PrivyProvider](https://docs.privy.io/reference/sdk/react-auth/functions/PrivyProvider)
as well as the Wagmi and TanStack Query providers; allowing you to use the features of each library with Abstract Global Wallet.

<Card title="AGW + Privy Example Repo" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/agw-privy-nextjs">
  Use our example repo to quickly get started with AGW and Privy.
</Card>

## Installation

Install the required dependencies:

```bash
npm install @abstract-foundation/agw-react @abstract-foundation/agw-client wagmi viem @tanstack/react-query
```

## Usage

This section assumes you have already created an app on the [Privy dashboard](https://docs.privy.io/guide/react/quickstart).

### 1. Enable Abstract Integration

From the [Privy dashboard](https://dashboard.privy.io/),
navigate to **Ecosystem** > **Integrations**.

Scroll down to find **Abstract** and toggle the switch to enable the integration.

<img src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/privy-integration.png" alt="Privy Integration from Dashboard - enable Abstract" />

### 2. Configure the AbstractPrivyProvider

Wrap your application in the `AbstractPrivyProvider` component, providing your
<Tooltip tip="Available from the Settings tab of the Privy dashboard.">Privy app ID</Tooltip>
as the `appId` prop.

```tsx {1,5,7}
import { AbstractPrivyProvider } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react/privy";

const App = () => {
  return (
    <AbstractPrivyProvider appId="your-privy-app-id">
      {children}
    </AbstractPrivyProvider>
  );
};
```

<Tip>
  **Next.js App Router:** If you are using [Next.js App
  Router](https://nextjs.org/docs), create a new component and add the `use
    client` directive at the top of your file ([see
  example](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/agw-privy-nextjs/src/components/NextAbstractWalletProvider.tsx))
  and wrap your application in this component.
</Tip>

### 3. Login users

Use the `useAbstractPrivyLogin` hook to prompt users to login with Abstract Global Wallet.

```tsx
import { useAbstractPrivyLogin } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react/privy";

const LoginButton = () => {
  const { login, link } = useAbstractPrivyLogin();
  return <button onClick={login}>Login with Abstract</button>;
};
```

* The `login` function uses Privy's [loginWithCrossAppAccount](https://docs.privy.io/guide/react/cross-app/requester#login)
  function to authenticate users with their Abstract Global Wallet account.

* The `link` function uses Privy's [linkCrossAppAccount](https://docs.privy.io/guide/react/cross-app/requester#linking)
  function to allow authenticated users to link their existing account to an Abstract Global Wallet.

### 4. Use hooks and functions

Once the user has signed in, you can begin to use any of the `agw-react` hooks,
such as [useWriteContractSponsored](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useWriteContractSponsored)
as well as all of the existing [wagmi hooks](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks); such as [useAccount](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useAccount),
[useBalance](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useBalance), etc.

All transactions will be sent from the connected AGW smart contract wallet (i.e. the `tx.from` address will be the AGW smart contract wallet address).

```tsx
import { useAccount, useSendTransaction } from "wagmi";

export default function Example() {
  const { address, status } = useAccount();
  const { sendTransaction, isPending } = useSendTransaction();

  return (
    <button
      onClick={() =>
        sendTransaction({
          to: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6",
          data: "0x69",
        })
      }
      disabled={isPending || status !== "connected"}
    >
      {isPending ? "Sending..." : "Send Transaction"}
    </button>
  );
}
```


# RainbowKit
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-rainbowkit

Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet with RainbowKit.

The `agw-react` package includes an option to include Abstract Global Wallet
as a connection option in your [RainbowKit ConnectButton](https://www.rainbowkit.com/docs/connect-button).

<Card title="AGW + RainbowKit Example Repo" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/agw-rainbowkit-nextjs">
  Use our example repo to quickly get started with AGW and RainbowKit.
</Card>

## Installation

Install the required dependencies:

```bash
npm install @abstract-foundation/agw-react @abstract-foundation/agw-client @rainbow-me/rainbowkit wagmi viem@2.x @tanstack/react-query
```

## Import

The `agw-react` package includes the `abstractWallet` connector you can use to add Abstract Global Wallet as a
connection option in your RainbowKit [ConnectButton](https://www.rainbowkit.com/docs/connect-button).

```tsx
import { abstractWallet } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react/connectors";
```

## Usage

### 1. Configure the Providers

Wrap your application in the following providers:

* [WagmiProvider](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/WagmiProvider) from `wagmi`.
* [QueryClientProvider](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/reference/QueryClientProvider) from `@tanstack/react-query`.
* [RainbowKitProvider](https://www.rainbowkit.com/docs/custom-connect-button) from `@rainbow-me/rainbowkit`.

<CodeGroup>
  ```tsx Providers
  import { RainbowKitProvider, darkTheme } from "@rainbow-me/rainbowkit";
  import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
  import { WagmiProvider } from "wagmi";
  // + import config from your wagmi config

  const client = new QueryClient();

  export default function AbstractWalletWrapper() {
    return (
      <WagmiProvider config={config}>
        <QueryClientProvider client={client}>
          <RainbowKitProvider theme={darkTheme()}>
            {/* Your application components */}
          </RainbowKitProvider>
        </QueryClientProvider>
      </WagmiProvider>
    );
  }
  ```

  ```tsx RainbowKit Config
  import { connectorsForWallets } from "@rainbow-me/rainbowkit";
  import { abstractWallet } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react/connectors";

  export const connectors = connectorsForWallets(
    [
      {
        groupName: "Abstract",
        wallets: [abstractWallet],
      },
    ],
    {
      appName: "Rainbowkit Test",
      projectId: "",
      appDescription: "",
      appIcon: "",
      appUrl: "",
    }
  );
  ```

  ```tsx Wagmi Config
  import { createConfig } from "wagmi";
  import { abstractTestnet, abstract } from "wagmi/chains"; // Use abstract for mainnet
  import { createClient, http } from "viem";
  import { eip712WalletActions } from "viem/zksync";
  // + import connectors from your RainbowKit config

  export const config = createConfig({
    connectors,
    chains: [abstractTestnet],
    client({ chain }) {
      return createClient({
        chain,
        transport: http(),
      }).extend(eip712WalletActions());
    },
    ssr: true,
  });
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### 2. Render the ConnectButton

Render the `ConnectButton` from `@rainbow-me/rainbowkit` anywhere in your app.

```tsx
import { ConnectButton } from "@rainbow-me/rainbowkit";

export default function Home() {
  return <ConnectButton />;
}
```


# Thirdweb
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-thirdweb

Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet with Thirdweb.

The `agw-react` package includes an option to include Abstract Global Wallet as a connection option in the thirdweb `ConnectButton` component.

<Card title="AGW + Thirdweb Example Repo" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/agw-thirdweb-nextjs">
  Use our example repo to quickly get started with AGW and thirdweb.
</Card>

## Installation

Install the required dependencies:

```bash
npm install @abstract-foundation/agw-react @abstract-foundation/agw-client wagmi viem thirdweb
```

## Usage

### 1. Configure the ThirdwebProvider

Wrap your application in the [ThirdwebProvider](https://portal.thirdweb.com/react/v5/ThirdwebProvider) component.

```tsx {1,9,11}
import { ThirdwebProvider } from "thirdweb/react";

export default function AbstractWalletWrapper({
  children,
}: {
  children: React.ReactNode;
}) {
  return (
    <ThirdwebProvider>
      {/* Your application components */}
    </ThirdwebProvider>
  );
}
```

<Tip>
  **Next.js App Router:** If you are using [Next.js App
  Router](https://nextjs.org/docs), create a new component and add the `use
    client` directive at the top of your file ([see
  example](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/agw-thirdweb-nextjs/src/components/NextAbstractWalletProvider.tsx))
  and wrap your application in this component ([see
  example](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/agw-thirdweb-nextjs/src/app/layout.tsx#L51)).
</Tip>

### 2. Render the ConnectButton

Render the [ConnectButton](https://portal.thirdweb.com/react/v5/ConnectButton) component anywhere in your application, and include `abstractWallet` in the `wallets` prop.

```tsx
import { abstractWallet } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react/thirdweb";
import { createThirdwebClient } from "thirdweb";
import { abstractTestnet, abstract } from "thirdweb/chains"; // Use abstract for mainnet
import { ConnectButton } from "thirdweb/react";

export default function Home() {
  const client = createThirdwebClient({
    clientId: "your-thirdweb-client-id-here",
  });

  return (
    <ConnectButton
      client={client}
      wallets={[abstractWallet()]}
      // Optionally, configure gasless transactions via paymaster:
      accountAbstraction={{
        chain: abstractTestnet,
        sponsorGas: true,
      }}
    />
  );
}
```


# Native Integration
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/native-integration

Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet with React.

Integrate AGW into an existing React application using the steps below, or
[<Icon icon="youtube" iconType="solid" /> watch the video tutorial](https://youtu.be/P5lvuBcmisU) for a step-by-step walkthrough.

### 1. Install Abstract Global Wallet

Install the required dependencies:

```bash
npm install @abstract-foundation/agw-react @abstract-foundation/agw-client wagmi viem@2.x @tanstack/react-query
```

### 2. Setup the AbstractWalletProvider

Wrap your application in the `AbstractWalletProvider` component to enable the use of the package's hooks and components
throughout your application.

```tsx
import { AbstractWalletProvider } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
import { abstractTestnet, abstract } from "viem/chains"; // Use abstract for mainnet

const App = () => {
  return (
    <AbstractWalletProvider chain={abstractTestnet}>
      {/* Your application components */}
    </AbstractWalletProvider>
  );
};
```

<Tip>
  **Next.js App Router:** If you are using [Next.js App
  Router](https://nextjs.org/docs), create a new component and add the `use
    client` directive at the top of your file ([see
  example](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/agw-nextjs/src/components/NextAbstractWalletProvider.tsx))
  and wrap your application in this component ([see
  example](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/agw-nextjs/src/app/layout.tsx#L48-L54)).
</Tip>

The `AbstractWalletProvider` wraps your application in both the [WagmiProvider](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/WagmiProvider) and
[QueryClientProvider](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/reference/QueryClientProvider),
meaning you can use the hooks and features of these libraries within your application.

### 3. Login with AGW

With the provider setup, prompt users to sign in to your application with their Abstract Global Wallet using the
[useLoginWithAbstract](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useLoginWithAbstract) hook.

```tsx
import { useLoginWithAbstract } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

export default function SignIn() {
  // login function to prompt the user to sign in with AGW.
  const { login } = useLoginWithAbstract();

  return <button onClick={login}>Connect with AGW</button>;
}
```

### 4. Use the Wallet

With the AGW connected, prompt the user to approve sending transactions from their wallet.

* Use the [Abstract Client](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useAbstractClient) or Abstract hooks for:
  * Wallet actions. e.g. [sendTransaction](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/sendTransaction), [deployContract](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/deployContract),
    [writeContract](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/writeContract) etc.
  * Smart contract wallet features. e.g. [gas-sponsored transactions](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/hooks/useWriteContractSponsored), [session keys](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/session-keys/overview), [transaction batches](/abstract-global-wallet/agw-client/actions/sendTransactionBatch).
* Use [Wagmi](https://wagmi.sh/) hooks and [Viem](https://viem.sh/) functions for generic blockchain interactions, for example:
  * Reading data, e.g. Wagmi’s [useAccount](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useAccount) and [useBalance](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useBalance) hooks.
  * Writing data, e.g. Wagmi’s [useSignMessage](https://wagmi.sh/react/api/hooks/useSignMessage) and Viem’s [verifyMessage](https://viem.sh/docs/actions/public/verifyMessage.html).

<CodeGroup>
  ```tsx Abstract Client
  import { useAbstractClient } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";

  export default function SendTransactionButton() {
    // Option 1: Access and call methods directly
    const { data: client } = useAbstractClient();

    async function sendTransaction() {
      if (!client) return;

      // Submits a transaction from the connected AGW smart contract wallet.
      const hash = await client.sendTransaction({
        to: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6",
        data: "0x69",
      });
    }

    return <button onClick={sendTransaction}>Send Transaction</button>;
  }
  ```

  ```tsx Abstract Hooks
  import { useWriteContractSponsored } from "@abstract-foundation/agw-react";
  import { parseAbi } from "viem";
  import { getGeneralPaymasterInput } from "viem/zksync";

  export default function SendTransaction() {
    const { writeContractSponsoredAsync } = useWriteContractSponsored();

    async function sendSponsoredTransaction() {
      const hash = await writeContractSponsoredAsync({
        abi: parseAbi(["function mint(address to, uint256 amount)"]),
        address: "0xC4822AbB9F05646A9Ce44EFa6dDcda0Bf45595AA",
        functionName: "mint",
        args: ["0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6", BigInt(1)],
        paymaster: "0x5407B5040dec3D339A9247f3654E59EEccbb6391",
        paymasterInput: getGeneralPaymasterInput({
          innerInput: "0x",
        }),
      });
    }

    return (
      <button onClick={sendSponsoredTransaction}>
        Send Sponsored Transaction
      </button>
    );
  }
  ```

  ```tsx Wagmi Hooks
  import { useAccount, useSendTransaction } from "wagmi";

  export default function SendTransactionWithWagmi() {
    const { address, status } = useAccount();
    const { sendTransaction, isPending } = useSendTransaction();

    return (
      <button
        onClick={() =>
          sendTransaction({
            to: "0x273B3527BF5b607dE86F504fED49e1582dD2a1C6",
            data: "0x69",
          })
        }
        disabled={isPending || status !== "connected"}
      >
        {isPending ? "Sending..." : "Send Transaction"}
      </button>
    );
  }
  ```
</CodeGroup>


# How It Works
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/architecture

Learn more about how Abstract Global Wallet works under the hood.

Abstract Global Wallet makes use of [native account abstraction](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction),
by creating [smart contract wallets](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets)
for users that have more security and flexibility than traditional EOAs.

Users can connect their Abstract Global Wallet to an application by logging in with their email, social account, or existing wallet.
Once connected, applications can begin prompting users to approve transactions, which are executed from the
user's smart contract wallet.

<Card title="Try the AGW live demo" icon="play" href="https://create-abstract-app.vercel.app/">
  Try the live demo of Abstract Global Wallet to see it in action.
</Card>

## How Abstract Global Wallet Works

Each AGW account must have at least one signer that is authorized to sign transactions on behalf of the
smart contract wallet.

For this reason, each AGW account is generated in a two-step process:

1. **EOA Creation**: An EOA wallet is created under the hood as the user signs up with their email, social account,
   or other login methods.
2. **Smart Contract Wallet Creation**: the smart contract wallet is deployed and provided with the EOA address
   (from the previous step) as an approved signer.

Once the smart contract is initialized, the user can freely add and remove signers to the wallets
and make use of the [other features](#smart-contract-wallet-features)
provided by the AGW.

<img className="block dark:hidden" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/agw-diagram.jpeg" alt="Abstract Global Wallet Architecture Light" />

<img className="hidden dark:block" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/agw-diagram.jpeg" alt="Abstract Global Wallet Architecture Dark" />

### EOA Creation

First, the user authenticates with their email, social account, or other login method and
an EOA wallet (public-private key pair) tied to this login method is created under the hood.

This process is powered by
[Privy Embedded Wallets](https://docs.privy.io/guide/react/wallets/embedded/creation#automatic).
And occurs in a three step process:

<Steps>
  <Step title="Random Bit Generation">
    A random 128-bit value is generated using a
    [CSPRNG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator).
  </Step>

  <Step title="Keypair Generation">
    The 128-bit value is converted into a 12-word mnemonic phrase using
    [BIP-39](https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0039.mediawiki).
    From this mnemonic phrase, a public-private key pair is derived.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Private Key Sharding">
    The private key is sharded (split) into 3 parts and stored in 3 different
    locations to ensure security and recovery mechanisms.
  </Step>
</Steps>

#### Private Key Sharding

The generated private key is split into 3 shards using
[Shamir's Secret Sharing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir%27s_Secret_Sharing)
algorithm and stored in 3 different locations.
**2 out of 3** shards are required to reconstruct the private key.

The three shards are:

1. **Device Share**: This shard is stored on the user's device. In a browser environment,
   it is stored inside the local storage of the Privy iframe.

2. **Auth Share**: This shard is encrypted and stored on Privy’s servers. It is retrieved
   when the user logs in with their original login method.

3. **Recovery Share**: This shard is stored in a backup location of the user’s choice, typically
   a cloud storage account such as Google Drive or iCloud.

#### How Shards are Combined

To reconstruct the private key, the user must have access to **two out of three** shards. This can be a combination of any two shards, with the most common being the **Device Share** and **Auth Share**.

* **Device Share** + **Auth Share**: This is the typical flow; the user authenticates with the Privy server
  using their original login method (e.g. social account) on their device and the auth share is decrypted.

* **Device Share** + **Recovery Share**: If the Privy server is offline or the user has lost access to their
  original login method (e.g. they no longer have access to their social account), they can use the recovery
  share to reconstruct the private key.

* **Auth Share** + **Recovery Share**: If the user wants to access their account from a new device,
  a new device share can be generated by combining the auth share and recovery share.

### Smart Contract Wallet Deployment

Once an EOA wallet is generated, the public key is provided to a
[smart contract wallet](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets) deployment.
The smart contract wallet is deployed and the EOA wallet is added as an authorized signer to the wallet during
the initialization process.

As all accounts on Abstract are smart contract accounts,
(see [native account abstraction](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction)),
the smart contract wallet is treated as a first-class citizen when interacting with the Abstract ecosystem.

The smart contract wallet that is deployed is a modified fork of
[Clave](https://github.com/getclave/clave-contracts) customized to have an `secp256k1`
signer by default to support the Privy Embedded Wallet *(as opposed to the default `secp256r1` signer in Clave)*
as well as custom validation logic to support [EIP-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) signatures.

#### Smart Contract Wallet Features

The smart contract wallet includes many modules to extend the functionality of the wallet, including:

* **Recovery Modules**: Allows the user to recover their account if they lose access to their login method via recovery methods
  including email or guardian recovery.
* **Paymaster Support**: Transaction gas fees can be sponsored by [paymasters](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters).
* **Multiple Signers**: Users can add multiple signers to the wallet to allow for multiple different
  accounts to sign transactions.
* **P256/secp256r1 Support**: Users can add signers generated from [passkeys](https://fidoalliance.org/passkeys/)
  to authorize transactions.


# Frequently Asked Questions
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/frequently-asked-questions

Answers to common questions about Abstract Global Wallet.

### Who holds the private keys to the AGW?

As described in the [how it works](/abstract-global-wallet/architecture) section, the
private key of the EOA that is the approved signer of the AGW smart contract
is generated and split into three shards.

* **Device Share**: This shard is stored on the user’s device. In a browser environment, it is stored inside the local storage of the Privy iframe.
* **Auth Share**: This shard is encrypted and stored on Privy’s servers. It is retrieved when the user logs in with their original login method.
* **Recovery Share**: This shard is stored in a backup location of the user’s choice, typically a cloud storage account such as Google Drive or iCloud.

### Does the user need to create their AGW on the Abstract website?

No, users don’t need to leave your application to create their AGW, any application that integrates the wallet connection flow
supports both creating a new AGW and connecting an existing AGW.

For example, the [live demo](https://create-abstract-app.vercel.app/) showcases how both users without an existing AGW
can create one from within the application and existing AGW users can connect their AGW to the application and begin approving transactions.

### Who deploys the AGW smart contracts?

A factory smart contract deploys each AGW smart contract. The generated EOA sends the transaction to deploy the AGW smart contract via the factory,
and initializes the smart contract with itself as the approved signer.

Using the [SDK](/abstract-global-wallet/getting-started), this transaction is sponsored by a [paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters),
meaning users don’t need to load their EOA with any funds to deploy the AGW smart contract to get started.

### Does the AGW smart contract work on other chains?

Abstract Global Wallet is built on top of [native account abstraction](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/overview);
a feature unique to Abstract. While the smart contract code is EVM-compatible, the SDK is not chain-agnostic and only works on Abstract
due to the technical differences between Abstract and other EVM-compatible chains.


# Getting Started
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/getting-started

Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet into your application.

## New Projects

To kickstart a new project with AGW configured, use our CLI tool:

```bash
npx @abstract-foundation/create-abstract-app@latest my-app
```

## Existing Projects

Integrate Abstract Global Wallet into an existing project using one of our integration guides below:

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card
    title="Native Integration"
    href="/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/native-integration"
    icon={
    <img
      src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Abstract-Foundation/abstract-docs/main/images/abs-green.png"
      alt="Native"
    />
  }
  >
    Add AGW as the native wallet connection option to your React application.
  </Card>

  <Card
    title="Privy"
    href="/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-privy"
    icon={
    <img
      src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Abstract-Foundation/abstract-docs/main/images/privy-green.png"
      alt="Privy"
    />
  }
  >
    Integrate AGW into an existing Privy application.
  </Card>

  <Card
    title="ConnectKit"
    href="/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-connectkit"
    icon={
    <img
      src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Abstract-Foundation/abstract-docs/main/images/connectkit-green.png"
      alt="ConnectKit"
    />
  }
  >
    Integrate AGW as a wallet connection option to an existing ConnectKit
    application.
  </Card>

  <Card
    title="Dynamic"
    href="/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-dynamic"
    icon={
    <img
      src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Abstract-Foundation/abstract-docs/main/images/dynamic-green.png"
      alt="Dynamic"
    />
  }
  >
    Integrate AGW as a wallet connection option to an existing Dynamic
    application.
  </Card>

  <Card
    title="RainbowKit"
    href="/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-rainbowkit"
    icon={
    <img
      src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Abstract-Foundation/abstract-docs/main/images/rainbowkit-green.png"
      alt="RainbowKit"
    />
  }
  >
    Integrate AGW as a wallet connection option to an existing RainbowKit
    application.
  </Card>

  <Card
    title="Thirdweb"
    href="/abstract-global-wallet/agw-react/integrating-with-thirdweb"
    icon={
    <img
      src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Abstract-Foundation/abstract-docs/main/images/thirdweb-green.png"
      alt="Thirdweb"
    />
  }
  >
    Integrate AGW as a wallet connection option to an existing thirdweb
    application.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Abstract Global Wallet
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/abstract-global-wallet/overview

Discover Abstract Global Wallet, the smart contract wallet powering the Abstract ecosystem.

**Create a new application with Abstract Global Wallet configured:**

```bash
npx @abstract-foundation/create-abstract-app@latest my-app
```

## What is Abstract Global Wallet?

Abstract Global Wallet (AGW) is a cross-application
[smart contract wallet](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets) that
users can create to interact with any application built on Abstract,
powered by [native account abstraction](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction).

AGW provides a seamless and secure way to onboard users, in which
they sign up once using familiar login methods (such as email, social accounts,
passkeys and more), and can then use this account to interact with *any* application on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Get Started with AGW" icon="rocket" href="/abstract-global-wallet/getting-started">
    Integrate Abstract Global Wallet into your application with our SDKs.
  </Card>

  <Card title="How AGW Works" icon="book-sparkles" href="/abstract-global-wallet/architecture">
    Learn more about how Abstract Global Wallet works under the hood.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

**Check out the live demo to see Abstract Global Wallet in action:**

<Card title="Try the AGW live demo" icon="play" href="https://create-abstract-app.vercel.app">
  Try the live demo of Abstract Global Wallet to see it in action.
</Card>

## Packages

Integrate Abstract Global Wallet (AGW) into your application using the packages below.

1. <Icon icon="react" /> [agw-react](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@abstract-foundation/agw-react):
   React hooks and components to prompt users to login with AGW and approve transactions. Built on [Wagmi](https://github.com/wagmi-dev/wagmi).

2. <Icon icon="js" /> [agw-client](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@abstract-foundation/agw-client):
   Wallet actions and utility functions that complement the `agw-react` package. Built on [Viem](https://github.com/wagmi-dev/viem).


# Ethers
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/applications/ethers

Learn how to use zksync-ethers to build applications on Abstract.

To best utilize the features of Abstract, it is recommended to use
[zksync-ethers](https://sdk.zksync.io/js/ethers/why-zksync-ethers) library
alongside [ethers](https://docs.ethers.io/v6/).

<Accordion title="Prerequisites">
  Ensure you have the following installed on your machine: -
  [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) v18.0.0 or later.
</Accordion>

## 1. Create a new project

Create a new directory and change directory into it.

```bash
mkdir my-abstract-app && cd my-abstract-app
```

Initialize a new Node.js project.

```bash
npm init -y
```

Install the `zksync-ethers` and `ethers` libraries.

```bash
npm install zksync-ethers@6 ethers@6
```

## 2. Connect to Abstract

<CodeGroup>
  ```javascript Testnet
  import { Provider, Wallet } from "zksync-ethers";
  import { ethers } from "ethers";

  // Read data from a provider
  const provider = new Provider("https://api.testnet.abs.xyz");
  const blockNumber = await provider.getBlockNumber();

  // Submit transactions from a wallet
  const wallet = new Wallet(ethers.Wallet.createRandom().privateKey, provider);
  const tx = await wallet.sendTransaction({
    to: wallet.getAddress(),
  });
  ```

  ```javascript Mainnet
  import { Provider, Wallet } from "zksync-ethers";
  import { ethers } from "ethers";

  // Read data from a provider
  const provider = new Provider("https://api.mainnet.abs.xyz");
  const blockNumber = await provider.getBlockNumber();

  // Submit transactions from a wallet
  const wallet = new Wallet(ethers.Wallet.createRandom().privateKey, provider);
  const tx = await wallet.sendTransaction({
    to: wallet.getAddress(),
  });
  ```
</CodeGroup>

Learn more about the features of `zksync-ethers` in the official documentation:

* [zksync-ethers features](https://sdk.zksync.io/js/ethers/guides/features)
* [ethers documentation](https://docs.ethers.io/v6/)


# Thirdweb
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/applications/thirdweb

Learn how to use thirdweb to build applications on Abstract.

<Accordion title="Prerequisites">
  Ensure you have the following installed on your machine:

  * [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) v18.0.0 or later.
</Accordion>

## 1. Create a new project

Create a new React or React Native project using the thirdweb CLI.

```bash
npx thirdweb create app --legacy-peer-deps
```

Select your preferences when prompted by the CLI, or use the recommended setup below.

<Accordion title="Recommended application setup">
  We recommend selecting the following options when prompted by the thirdweb CLI:

  ```bash
  ✔ What type of project do you want to create? › App
  ✔ What is your project named? … my-abstract-app
  ✔ What framework do you want to use? › Next.js
  ```
</Accordion>

Change directory into the newly created project:

```bash
cd my-abstract-app
```

(Replace `my-abstract-app` with your created project name.)

## 2. Set up a Thirdweb API key

On the [thirdweb dashboard](https://thirdweb.com/dashboard), create your
account (or sign in), and copy your project’s **Client ID** from the
**Settings** section. Ensure that `localhost` is included in the allowed domains.

Create an `.env.local` file and add your client ID as an environment variable:

```bash
NEXT_PUBLIC_TEMPLATE_CLIENT_ID=your-client-id-here
```

Start the development server and navigate to [`http://localhost:3000`](http://localhost:3000) in your browser to view the application.

```bash
npm run dev
```

## 3. Connect the app to Abstract

Import the Abstract chain from the `thirdweb/chains` package:

<CodeGroup>
  ```javascript Testnet
  import { abstractTestnet } from "thirdweb/chains";
  ```

  ```javascript Mainnet
  import { abstract } from "thirdweb/chains";
  ```
</CodeGroup>

Use the Abstract chain import as the value for the `chain` property wherever required.

```javascript
<ConnectButton client={client} chain={abstractTestnet} />
```

Learn more on the official [thirdweb documentation](https://portal.thirdweb.com/react/v5).


# Viem
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/applications/viem

Learn how to use the Viem library to build applications on Abstract.

The Viem library has first-class support for Abstract by providing a set of
extensions to interact with [paymasters](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters),
[smart contract wallets](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets), and more.
This page will walk through how to configure Viem to utilize Abstract’s features.

<Accordion title="Prerequisites">
  Ensure you have the following installed on your machine:

  * [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) v18.0.0 or later.
  * You’ve already created a JavaScript project,
    (e.g. using [CRA](https://create-react-app.dev/) or [Next.js](https://nextjs.org/)).
  * Viem library version 2.21.25 or later installed.
</Accordion>

## 1. Installation

Install the `viem` package.

```bash
npm install viem
```

## 2. Client Configuration

Configure your Viem [client](https://viem.sh/zksync/client) using `abstractTestnet`
as the [chain](https://viem.sh/zksync/chains) and extend it with
[eip712WalletActions](https://viem.sh/zksync/client#eip712walletactions).

<CodeGroup>
  ```javascript Testnet
  import { createPublicClient, createWalletClient, custom, http } from 'viem'
  import { abstractTestnet } from 'viem/chains'
  import { eip712WalletActions } from 'viem/zksync'

  // Create a client from a wallet
  const walletClient = createWalletClient({
    chain: abstractTestnet,
    transport: custom(window.ethereum!),
  }).extend(eip712WalletActions()) ;

  // Create a client without a wallet
  const publicClient = createPublicClient({
    chain: abstractTestnet,
    transport: http()
  }).extend(eip712WalletActions());
  ```

  ```javascript Mainnet
  import { createPublicClient, createWalletClient, custom, http } from 'viem'
  import { abstract } from 'viem/chains'
  import { eip712WalletActions } from 'viem/zksync'

  // Create a client from a wallet
  const walletClient = createWalletClient({
    chain: abstract,
    transport: custom(window.ethereum!),
  }).extend(eip712WalletActions()) ;

  // Create a client without a wallet
  const publicClient = createPublicClient({
    chain: abstract,
    transport: http()
  }).extend(eip712WalletActions());
  ```
</CodeGroup>

Learn more on the official [viem documentation](https://viem.sh/zksync).

### Reading Blockchain Data

Use a [public client](https://viem.sh/docs/clients/public)
to fetch data from the blockchain via an [RPC](/connect-to-abstract).

```javascript
const balance = await publicClient.getBalance({
  address: "0x8e729E23CDc8bC21c37a73DA4bA9ebdddA3C8B6d",
});
```

### Sending Transactions

Use a [wallet client](https://viem.sh/docs/clients/wallet)
to send transactions to the blockchain.

```javascript
const transactionHash = await walletClient.sendTransaction({
  to: "0x8e729E23CDc8bC21c37a73DA4bA9ebdddA3C8B6d",
  data: "0x69",
});
```

#### Paymasters

Viem has native support for Abstract [paymasters](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters).

Provide the `paymaster` and `paymasterInput` fields when sending a transaction.

[View Viem documentation](https://viem.sh/zksync#2-use-actions).

```javascript
const hash = await walletClient.sendTransaction({
  to: "0x8e729E23CDc8bC21c37a73DA4bA9ebdddA3C8B6d",
  paymaster: "0x5407B5040dec3D339A9247f3654E59EEccbb6391", // Your paymaster contract address
  paymasterInput: "0x", // Any additional data to be sent to the paymaster
});
```

#### Smart Contract Wallets

Viem also has native support for using [smart contract wallets](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets).
This means you can submit transactions `from` a smart contract wallet by providing
a smart wallet account as the `account` field to the [client](#client-configuration).

[View Viem documentation](https://viem.sh/zksync/accounts/toSmartAccount).

<CodeGroup>
  ```javascript Testnet
  import { toSmartAccount, eip712WalletActions } from "viem/zksync";
  import { createWalletClient, http } from "viem";
  import { abstractTestnet } from "viem/chains";

  const account = toSmartAccount({
    address: CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
    async sign({ hash }) {
      // ... signing logic here for your smart contract account
    },
  });

  // Create a client from a smart contract wallet
  const walletClient = createWalletClient({
    chain: abstractTestnet,
    transport: http(),
    account: account, // <-- Provide the smart contract wallet account
  }).extend(eip712WalletActions());

  // ... Continue using the wallet client as usual (will send transactions from the smart contract wallet)
  ```

  ```javascript Mainnet
  import { toSmartAccount, eip712WalletActions } from "viem/zksync";
  import { createWalletClient, http } from "viem";
  import { abstract } from "viem/chains";

  const account = toSmartAccount({
    address: CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
    async sign({ hash }) {
      // ... signing logic here for your smart contract account
    },
  });

  // Create a client from a smart contract wallet
  const walletClient = createWalletClient({
    chain: abstract,
    transport: http(),
    account: account, // <-- Provide the smart contract wallet account
  }).extend(eip712WalletActions());

  // ... Continue using the wallet client as usual (will send transactions from the smart contract wallet)
  ```
</CodeGroup>


# Getting Started
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/getting-started

Learn how to start developing smart contracts and applications on Abstract.

Abstract is EVM compatible; however, there are [differences](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/overview)
between Abstract and Ethereum that enable more powerful user experiences. For developers, additional configuration may be required
to accommodate these changes and take full advantage of Abstract's capabilities.

Follow the guides below to learn how to best set up your environment for Abstract.

## Smart Contracts

Learn how to create a new smart contract project, compile your contracts, and deploy them to Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Hardhat: Get Started" icon="code" href="/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/hardhat">
    Learn how to set up a Hardhat plugin to compile smart contracts for Abstract
  </Card>

  <Card title="Foundry: Get Started" icon="code" href="/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/foundry">
    Learn how to use a Foundry fork to compile smart contracts for Abstract
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Applications

Learn how to build frontend applications to interact with smart contracts on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={3}>
  <Card title="Ethers: Get Started" icon="code" href="/build-on-abstract/applications/ethers">
    Quick start guide for using Ethers v6 with Abstract
  </Card>

  <Card title="Viem: Get Started" icon="code" href="/build-on-abstract/applications/viem">
    Set up a React + TypeScript app using the Viem library
  </Card>

  <Card title="Thirdweb: Get Started" icon="code" href="/build-on-abstract/applications/thirdweb">
    Create a React + TypeScript app with the thirdweb SDK
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

Integrate Abstract Global Wallet, the smart contract wallet powering the Abstract ecosystem.

<Card title="Abstract Global Wallet Documentation" icon="wallet" href="/abstract-global-wallet/overview">
  Learn how to integrate Abstract Global Wallet into your applications.
</Card>

## Explore Abstract Resources

Use our starter repositories and tutorials to kickstart your development journey on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Clone Example Repositories" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/smart-contract-accounts">
    Browse our collection of cloneable starter kits and example repositories on
    GitHub.
  </Card>

  <Card title="YouTube Tutorials" icon="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/@AbstractBlockchain">
    Watch our video tutorials to learn more about building on Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Debugging Smart Contracts
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/debugging-contracts

Learn how to run a local node to debug smart contracts on Abstract.

To view logs, trace calls to [system contracts](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/overview) and more,
Abstract offers a [local node](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-test-node).

## Running a local node

To get started running a local node, follow the steps below:

<Steps>
  <Step title="Install Prerequisites">
    If you are on Windows, we strongly recommend using [WSL 2](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/about).

    The node is written in Rust. Install [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install) on your machine:

    ```bash
    curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Clone the repository">
    From any directory, clone the `era-test-node` repository.

    ```bash
    git clone https://github.com/matter-labs/era-test-node && cd era-test-node
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Build smart contracts">
    You will notice there is a [Makefile](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-test-node/blob/main/Makefile)
    at the root of the repository containing various commands.

    Use the commands below to fetch and build the smart contracts:

    ```bash
    make fetch-contracts && make build-contracts
    ```

    You can now make any changes (such as including logs) to the smart contracts in the `contracts` directory.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Build the node">
    To build the binary, run the following command.

    *Omit `clean` and `build-contracts`
    if you have not made any changes to the smart contracts.*

    ```bash
    make clean && make build-contracts && make rust-build
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Run the node">
    Once built, the node binary is available at `./target/release/era-test-node`.

    Run the node using the built binary:

    ```bash
    ./target/release/era_test_node
    ```

    You can also run the node that forks from the current state of the Abstract testnet:

    ```bash
    ./target/release/era_test_node fork https://api.testnet.abs.xyz
    ```
  </Step>
</Steps>

### Network Details

Use the details below to connect to the local node:

* **Chain ID**: `260`
* **RPC URL**: `http://localhost:8011`
* `ethNetwork`: `localhost` (Add this for [Hardhat](/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/hardhat))
* `zksync`: `true` (Add this for [Hardhat](/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/hardhat))


# Foundry
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/foundry

Learn how to use Foundry to build and deploy smart contracts on Abstract.

To use Foundry to build smart contracts on Abstract, use the [foundry-zksync](https://github.com/matter-labs/foundry-zksync) fork.

<Card title="YouTube Tutorial: Get Started with Foundry" icon="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qgH6UNqTl8">
  Watch a step-by-step tutorial on how to get started with Foundry.
</Card>

## 1. Install the foundry-zksync fork

<Note>
  This installation overrides any existing forge and cast binaries in
  `~/.foundry`. To revert to the standard foundry installation, follow the
  [Foundry installation
  guide](https://book.getfoundry.sh/getting-started/installation#using-foundryup).
  You can swap between the two installations at any time.
</Note>

<Steps>
  <Step title="Install foundry-zksync">
    Install the `foundryup-zksync` fork:

    ```bash
    curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/matter-labs/foundry-zksync/main/install-foundry-zksync | bash
    ```

    Run `foundryup-zksync` to install `forge`, `cast`, and `anvil`:

    ```bash
    foundryup-zksync
    ```

    You may need to restart your terminal session after installation to continue.

    <Accordion title="Common installation issues" icon="circle-exclamation">
      <AccordionGroup>
        <Accordion title="foundryup-zksync: command not found">
          Restart your terminal session.
        </Accordion>

        <Accordion title="Could not detect shell">
          To add the `foundry` binary to your PATH, run the following command:

          ```
          export PATH="$PATH:/Users/<your-username-here>/.foundry/bin"
          ```

          Replace `<your-username-here>` with the correct path to your home directory.
        </Accordion>

        <Accordion title="Library not loaded: libusb">
          The [libusb](https://libusb.info/) library may need to be installed manually on macOS.
          Run the following command to install the library:

          ```bash
          brew install libusb
          ```
        </Accordion>
      </AccordionGroup>
    </Accordion>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Verify installation">
    A helpful command to check if the installation was successful is:

    ```bash
    forge build --help | grep -A 20 "ZKSync configuration:"
    ```

    If installed successfully, 20 lines of `--zksync` options will be displayed.
  </Step>
</Steps>

## 2. Create a new project

Create a new project with `forge` and change directory into the project.

```bash
forge init my-abstract-project && cd my-abstract-project
```

## 3. Modify Foundry configuration

Update your `foundry.toml` file to include the following options:

```toml
[profile.default]
src = 'src'
libs = ['lib']
fallback_oz = true
is_system = false # Note: NonceHolder and the ContractDeployer system contracts can only be called with a special is_system flag as true
mode = "3"
```

<Note>
  To use [system contracts](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/overview),
  set the `is_system` flag to **true**.
</Note>

## 4. Write a smart contract

Modify the `src/Counter.sol` file to include the following smart contract:

```solidity
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

contract Counter {
    uint256 public number;

    function setNumber(uint256 newNumber) public {
        number = newNumber;
    }

    function increment() public {
        number++;
    }
}
```

## 5. Compile the smart contract

Use the [zksolc compiler](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack/components/compiler/toolchain/solidity)
(installed in the above steps) to compile smart contracts for Abstract:

```bash
forge build --zksync
```

You should now see the compiled smart contracts in the generated `zkout` directory.

## 6. Deploy the smart contract

<Steps>
  <Step title="Get testnet funds" icon="wallet">
    Deploying smart contracts requires testnet ETH.

    Claim testnet funds via a [faucet](/tooling/faucets), or
    [bridge](/tooling/bridges) ETH from Sepolia to the Abstract testnet.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Add your private key" icon="key">
    Create a new [wallet keystore](https://book.getfoundry.sh/reference/cast/cast-wallet-import).

    ```bash
    cast wallet import myKeystore --interactive
    ```

    Enter your wallet's private key when prompted and provide a password to encrypt it.

    <Warning>We recommend not to use a private key associated with real funds. Create a new wallet for this step.</Warning>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Deploy your smart contract" icon="rocket">
    Run the following command to deploy your smart contracts:

    <CodeGroup>
      ```bash Testnet
      forge create src/Counter.sol:Counter \
          --account myKeystore \
          --rpc-url https://api.testnet.abs.xyz \
          --chain 11124 \
          --zksync
      ```

      ```bash Mainnet
      forge create src/Counter.sol:Counter \
          --account myKeystore \
          --rpc-url https://api.mainnet.abs.xyz \
          --chain 2741 \
          --zksync
      ```
    </CodeGroup>

    Ensure `myKeystore` is the name of the keystore file you created in the previous step.

    If successful, the output should look similar to the following:

    ```bash {2}
    Deployer: 0x9C073184e74Af6D10DF575e724DC4712D98976aC
    Deployed to: 0x85717893A18F255285AB48d7bE245ddcD047dEAE
    Transaction hash: 0x2a4c7c32f26b078d080836b247db3e6c7d0216458a834cfb8362a2ac84e68d9f
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Verify your smart contract on the block explorer" icon="check">
    Verifying your smart contract is helpful for others to view the code and
    interact with it from a [block explorer](/tooling/block-explorers).
    To verify your smart contract, run the following command:

    <CodeGroup>
      ```bash Testnet
      forge verify-contract 0x85717893A18F255285AB48d7bE245ddcD047dEAE \
          src/Counter.sol:Counter \
          --verifier etherscan \
          --verifier-url https://api-sepolia.abscan.org/api \
          --etherscan-api-key TACK2D1RGYX9U7MC31SZWWQ7FCWRYQ96AD \
          --zksync
      ```

      ```bash Mainnet
      forge verify-contract 0x85717893A18F255285AB48d7bE245ddcD047dEAE \
          src/Counter.sol:Counter \
          --verifier etherscan \
          --verifier-url https://api.abscan.org/api \
          --etherscan-api-key IEYKU3EEM5XCD76N7Y7HF9HG7M9ARZ2H4A \
          --zksync
      ```
    </CodeGroup>

    ***Note**: Replace the contract path and address with your own.*
  </Step>
</Steps>


# Hardhat
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/hardhat

Learn how to use Hardhat to build and deploy smart contracts on Abstract.

<Card title="YouTube Tutorial: Get Started with Hardhat" icon="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr_Flw-asZ4">
  Watch a step-by-step tutorial on how to get started with Hardhat.
</Card>

## 1. Create a new project

<Accordion title="Prerequisites">
  Ensure you have the following installed on your machine:

  * [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) v18.0.0 or later.
  * If you are on Windows, we strongly recommend using [WSL 2](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/about) to follow this guide.
</Accordion>

Inside an empty directory, initialize a new Hardhat project using
the [Hardhat CLI](https://hardhat.org/getting-started/):

Create a new directory and navigate into it:

```bash
mkdir my-abstract-project && cd my-abstract-project
```

Initialize a new Hardhat project within the directory:

```bash
npx hardhat init
```

Select your preferences when prompted by the CLI, or use the recommended setup below.

<Accordion title="Recommended Hardhat setup">
  We recommend selecting the following options when prompted by the Hardhat CLI:

  ```bash
  ✔ What do you want to do? · Create a TypeScript project
  ✔ Hardhat project root: · /path/to/my-abstract-project
  ✔ Do you want to add a .gitignore? (Y/n) · y
  ✔ Do you ... install ... dependencies with npm ... · y
  ```
</Accordion>

## 2. Install the required dependencies

Abstract smart contracts use [different bytecode](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/overview)
than the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

Install the required dependencies to compile, deploy and interact with smart contracts on Abstract:

* [@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync](https://github.com/matter-labs/hardhat-zksync):
  A suite of Hardhat plugins for working with Abstract.
* [zksync-ethers](/build-on-abstract/applications/ethers):
  Recommended package for writing [Hardhat scripts](https://hardhat.org/hardhat-runner/docs/advanced/scripts)
  to interact with your smart contracts.

```bash
npm install -D @matterlabs/hardhat-zksync zksync-ethers@6 ethers@6
```

## 3. Modify the Hardhat configuration

Update your `hardhat.config.ts` file to include the following options:

```typescript [expandable]
import { HardhatUserConfig } from "hardhat/config";
import "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync";

const config: HardhatUserConfig = {
  zksolc: {
    version: "latest",
    settings: {
      // Note: This must be true to call NonceHolder & ContractDeployer system contracts
      enableEraVMExtensions: false,
    },
  },
  defaultNetwork: "abstractTestnet",
  networks: {
    abstractTestnet: {
      url: "https://api.testnet.abs.xyz",
      ethNetwork: "sepolia",
      zksync: true,
      chainId: 11124,
    },
    abstractMainnet: {
      url: "https://api.mainnet.abs.xyz",
      ethNetwork: "mainnet",
      zksync: true,
      chainId: 2741,
    },
  },
  etherscan: {
    apiKey: {
      abstractTestnet: "TACK2D1RGYX9U7MC31SZWWQ7FCWRYQ96AD",
      abstractMainnet: "IEYKU3EEM5XCD76N7Y7HF9HG7M9ARZ2H4A",
    },
    customChains: [
      {
        network: "abstractTestnet",
        chainId: 11124,
        urls: {
          apiURL: "https://api-sepolia.abscan.org/api",
          browserURL: "https://sepolia.abscan.org/",
        },
      },
      {
        network: "abstractMainnet",
        chainId: 2741,
        urls: {
          apiURL: "https://api.abscan.org/api",
          browserURL: "https://abscan.org/",
        },
      },
    ],
  },
  solidity: {
    version: "0.8.24",
  },
};

export default config;
```

### Using system contracts

To use [system contracts](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/overview), install the `@matterlabs/zksync-contracts` package:

```bash
npm install -D @matterlabs/zksync-contracts
```

Then set the `enableEraVMExtensions` flag to **true**:

```typescript {4}
zksolc: {
  settings: {
    // If you plan to interact directly with the NonceHolder or ContractDeployer system contracts
    enableEraVMExtensions: true,
  },
},
```

## 4. Write a smart contract

Rename the existing `contracts/Lock.sol` file to `contracts/HelloAbstract.sol`:

```bash
mv contracts/Lock.sol contracts/HelloAbstract.sol
```

Write a new smart contract in the `contracts/HelloAbstract.sol` file, or use the example smart contract below:

```solidity
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.24;

contract HelloAbstract {
    function sayHello() public pure virtual returns (string memory) {
        return "Hello, World!";
    }
}
```

## 5. Compile the smart contract

Clear any existing artifacts:

```bash
npx hardhat clean
```

Use the [zksolc compiler](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack/components/compiler/toolchain/solidity)
(installed in the above steps) to compile smart contracts for Abstract:

<CodeGroup>
  ```bash Testnet
  npx hardhat compile --network abstractTestnet
  ```

  ```bash Mainnet
  npx hardhat compile --network abstractMainnet
  ```
</CodeGroup>

You should now see the compiled smart contracts in the generated `artifacts-zk` directory.

## 6. Deploy the smart contract

<Steps>
  <Step title="Get testnet funds" icon="wallet">
    Deploying smart contracts requires testnet ETH.

    Claim testnet funds via a [faucet](/tooling/faucets), or
    [bridge](/tooling/bridges) ETH from Sepolia to the Abstract testnet.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Add your private key" icon="key">
    Create a new [configuration variable](https://hardhat.org/hardhat-runner/docs/guides/configuration-variables)
    called `DEPLOYER_PRIVATE_KEY`.

    ```bash
    npx hardhat vars set DEPLOYER_PRIVATE_KEY
    ```

    Enter the private key of a new wallet you created for this step.

    ```bash
    ✔ Enter value: · ****************************************************************
    ```

    <Warning>Do NOT use a private key associated with real funds. Create a new wallet for this step.</Warning>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Write the deployment script" icon="code">
    Create a new [Hardhat script](https://hardhat.org/hardhat-runner/docs/advanced/scripts) located at `/deploy/deploy.ts`:

    ```bash
    mkdir deploy && touch deploy/deploy.ts
    ```

    Add the following code to the `deploy.ts` file:

    ```typescript
    import { Wallet } from "zksync-ethers";
    import { HardhatRuntimeEnvironment } from "hardhat/types";
    import { Deployer } from "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync";
    import { vars } from "hardhat/config";

    // An example of a deploy script that will deploy and call a simple contract.
    export default async function (hre: HardhatRuntimeEnvironment) {
      console.log(`Running deploy script`);

      // Initialize the wallet using your private key.
      const wallet = new Wallet(vars.get("DEPLOYER_PRIVATE_KEY"));

      // Create deployer object and load the artifact of the contract we want to deploy.
      const deployer = new Deployer(hre, wallet);
      // Load contract
      const artifact = await deployer.loadArtifact("HelloAbstract");

      // Deploy this contract. The returned object will be of a `Contract` type,
      // similar to the ones in `ethers`.
      const tokenContract = await deployer.deploy(artifact);

      console.log(
        `${
          artifact.contractName
        } was deployed to ${await tokenContract.getAddress()}`
      );
    }
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Deploy your smart contract" icon="rocket">
    Run the following command to deploy your smart contracts:

    <CodeGroup>
      ```bash Testnet
      npx hardhat deploy-zksync --script deploy.ts --network abstractTestnet
      ```

      ```bash Mainnet
      npx hardhat deploy-zksync --script deploy.ts --network abstractMainnet
      ```
    </CodeGroup>

    If successful, your output should look similar to the following:

    ```bash {2}
    Running deploy script
    HelloAbstract was deployed to YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Verify your smart contract on the block explorer" icon="check">
    Verifying your smart contract is helpful for others to view the code and
    interact with it from a [block explorer](/tooling/block-explorers).
    To verify your smart contract, run the following command:

    <CodeGroup>
      ```bash Testnet
      npx hardhat verify --network abstractTestnet YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS
      ```

      ```bash Mainnet
      npx hardhat verify --network abstractMainnet YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS
      ```
    </CodeGroup>

    **Note**: Replace `YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS` with the address of your deployed smart contract.
  </Step>
</Steps>


# ZKsync CLI
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/build-on-abstract/zksync-cli

Learn how to use the ZKsync CLI to interact with Abstract or a local Abstract node.

As Abstract is built on the [ZK Stack](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack), you can use the
[ZKsync CLI](https://docs.zksync.io/build/zksync-cli) to interact with Abstract directly, or run your own local Abstract node.
The ZKsync CLI helps simplify the setup, development, testing and deployment of contracts on Abstract.

<Accordion title="Prerequisites">
  Ensure you have the following installed on your machine:

  * [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) v18.0.0 or later.
  * [Docker](https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/) for running a local Abstract
    node.
</Accordion>

## Install ZKsync CLI

To install the ZKsync CLI, run the following command:

```bash
npm install -g zksync-cli
```

## Available Commands

Run any of the below commands with the `zksync-cli` prefix:

```bash
# For example, to create a new project:
zksync-cli create
```

| Command         | Description                                                                   |
| --------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `dev`           | Start a local development environment with Abstract and Ethereum nodes.       |
| `create`        | Scaffold new projects using templates for frontend, contracts, and scripting. |
| `contract`      | Read and write data to Abstract contracts without building UI.                |
| `transaction`   | Fetch and display detailed information about a specific transaction.          |
| `wallet`        | Manage Abstract wallet assets, including transfers and balance checks.        |
| `bridge`        | Perform deposits and withdrawals between Ethereum and Abstract.               |
| `config chains` | Add or edit custom chains for flexible testing and development.               |

Learn more on the official [ZKsync CLI documentation](https://docs.zksync.io/build/zksync-cli).


# Connect to Abstract
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/connect-to-abstract

Add Abstract to your wallet or development environment to get started.

Use the information below to connect and submit transactions to Abstract.

| Property            | Mainnet                        | Testnet                              |
| ------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ |
| Name                | Abstract                       | Abstract Testnet                     |
| Description         | The mainnet for Abstract.      | The public testnet for Abstract.     |
| Chain ID            | `2741`                         | `11124`                              |
| RPC URL             | `https://api.mainnet.abs.xyz`  | `https://api.testnet.abs.xyz`        |
| RPC URL (Websocket) | `wss://api.mainnet.abs.xyz/ws` | `wss://api.testnet.abs.xyz/ws`       |
| Explorer            | `https://abscan.org/`          | `https://sepolia.abscan.org/`        |
| Verify URL          | `https://api.abscan.org/api`   | `https://api-sepolia.abscan.org/api` |
| Currency Symbol     | ETH                            | ETH                                  |

<Tip>
  Click the button below to connect your wallet to the Abstract.

  <ConnectWallet />
</Tip>

export const ConnectWallet = ({ title }) => {
  if (typeof document === "undefined") {
    return null;
  } else {
    setTimeout(() => {
      const connectWalletContainer = document.getElementById("connect-wallet-container");
      if (connectWalletContainer) {
        connectWalletContainer.innerHTML = '<div id="wallet-content"><button id="connectWalletBtn" class="connect-wallet-btn">Connect Wallet</button><button id="switchNetworkBtn" class="connect-wallet-btn" style="display:none;">Switch Network</button><strong id="walletStatus"></strong></div>';

        const style = document.createElement('style');
        style.textContent = `
          .connect-wallet-btn {
            background-color: var(--accent);
            color: var(--accent-inverse);
            border: 2px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            padding: 12px 24px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            font-size: 16px;
            font-weight: bold;
            cursor: pointer;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
            outline: none;
            margin-right: 10px;
          }
          .connect-wallet-btn:hover {
            background-color: var(--accent-dark);
            border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
            transform: translateY(-2px);
            box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
          }
          .connect-wallet-btn:active {
            transform: translateY(1px);
            box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
          }
          #walletStatus {
            margin-top: 10px;
            color: var(--text);
            font-size: 14px;
          }
          @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
            .connect-wallet-btn {
              background-color: var(--accent-light);
              color: var(--accent-dark);
              border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
            }
            .connect-wallet-btn:hover {
              background-color: var(--accent);
              color: var(--accent-inverse);
              border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);
            }
          }
        `;
        document.head.appendChild(style);

        const connectWalletBtn = document.getElementById('connectWalletBtn');
        const switchNetworkBtn = document.getElementById('switchNetworkBtn');
        const walletStatus = document.getElementById('walletStatus');

        const ABSTRACT_CHAIN_ID = '0xab5'; // 2741 in hexadecimal
        const ABSTRACT_RPC_URL = 'https://api.mainnet.abs.xyz';

        async function connectWallet() {
          if (typeof window.ethereum !== 'undefined') {
            try {
              await window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' });
              connectWalletBtn.style.display = 'none';
              await checkNetwork();
            } catch (error) {
              console.error('Failed to connect wallet:', error);
            }
          } else {
            console.error('Please install MetaMask or another Ethereum wallet');
          }
        }

        async function checkNetwork() {
          if (typeof window.ethereum !== 'undefined') {
            const chainId = await window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_chainId' });
            if (chainId === ABSTRACT_CHAIN_ID) {
              switchNetworkBtn.style.display = 'none';
              walletStatus.textContent = 'Connected to Abstract.';
            } else {
              switchNetworkBtn.style.display = 'inline-block';
              walletStatus.textContent = '';
            }
          }
        }

        async function switchToAbstractChain() {
          if (typeof window.ethereum !== 'undefined') {
            try {
              await window.ethereum.request({
                method: 'wallet_switchEthereumChain',
                params: [{ chainId: ABSTRACT_CHAIN_ID }],
              });
              await checkNetwork();
            } catch (switchError) {
              if (switchError.code === 4902) {
                try {
                  await window.ethereum.request({
                    method: 'wallet_addEthereumChain',
                    params: [{
                      chainId: ABSTRACT_CHAIN_ID,
                      chainName: 'Abstract',
                      nativeCurrency: {
                        name: 'Ethereum',
                        symbol: 'ETH',
                        decimals: 18
                      },
                      rpcUrls: [ABSTRACT_RPC_URL],
                      blockExplorerUrls: ['https://abscan.org']
                    }],
                  });
                  await checkNetwork();
                } catch (addError) {
                  console.error('Failed to add Abstract chain:', addError);
                }
              } else {
                console.error('Failed to switch to Abstract chain:', switchError);
              }
            }
          }
        }

        connectWalletBtn.addEventListener('click', connectWallet);
        switchNetworkBtn.addEventListener('click', switchToAbstractChain);

        // Listen for network changes
        if (typeof window.ethereum !== 'undefined') {
          window.ethereum.on('chainChanged', checkNetwork);
          window.ethereum.on('accountsChanged', (accounts) => {
            if (accounts.length === 0) {
              connectWalletBtn.style.display = 'inline-block';
              switchNetworkBtn.style.display = 'none';
              walletStatus.textContent = '';
            } else {
              checkNetwork();
            }
          });
        }

        // Initial check
        if (typeof window.ethereum !== 'undefined') {
          window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_accounts' }).then(accounts => {
            if (accounts.length > 0) {
              connectWalletBtn.style.display = 'none';
              checkNetwork();
            }
          });
        }
      }
    }, 1);

    return <div id="connect-wallet-container"></div>;

}
};


# Automation
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/automation

View the automation solutions available on Abstract.

<Card title="Gelato Web3 Functions" icon="link" href="https://docs.gelato.network/web3-services/web3-functions" />


# Bridges
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/bridges

Move funds from other chains to Abstract and vice versa.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Stargate" icon="link" href="https://stargate.finance/bridge" />

  <Card title="Relay" icon="link" href="https://www.relay.link/" />

  <Card title="Jumper" icon="link" href="https://jumper.exchange/" />

  <Card title="Symbiosis" icon="link" href="https://symbiosis.finance/" />
</CardGroup>


# Data & Indexing
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/indexers

View the indexers and APIs available on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Alchemy" icon="link" href="https://www.alchemy.com/abstract" />

  <Card title="Ghost" icon="link" href="https://docs.tryghost.xyz/ghostgraph/overview" />

  <Card title="Goldsky" icon="link" href="https://docs.goldsky.com/chains/abstract" />

  <Card title="The Graph" icon="link" href="https://thegraph.com/docs/" />

  <Card title="Reservoir" icon="link" href="https://docs.reservoir.tools/reference/what-is-reservoir" />

  <Card title="SQD" icon="link" href="https://docs.sqd.ai/" />
</CardGroup>


# Interoperability
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/interoperability

Discover the interoperability solutions available on Abstract.

<Card title="LayerZero" icon="link" href="https://docs.layerzero.network/v2" />


# Oracles
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/oracles

Discover the Oracle and VRF services available on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Proof of Play VRF" icon="link" href="https://docs.proofofplay.com/services/vrf" />

  <Card title="Gelato VRF" icon="link" href="https://docs.gelato.network/web3-services/vrf" />

  <Card title="Pyth Price Feeds" icon="link" href="https://docs.pyth.network/price-feeds" />

  <Card title="Pyth Entropy" icon="link" href="https://docs.pyth.network/entropy" />
</CardGroup>


# Paymasters
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/paymasters

Discover the paymasters solutions available on Abstract.

<Card title="Zyfi" icon="link" href="https://docs.zyfi.org/integration-guide/paymasters-integration/sponsored-paymaster" />

<Card title="Sablier" icon="link" href="https://sablier.com/" />


# Relayers
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/relayers

Discover the relayer solutions available on Abstract.

<Card title="Gelato Relay" icon="link" href="https://docs.gelato.network/web3-services/relay" />


# RPC Providers
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/ecosystem/rpc-providers

Discover the RPC providers available on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Alchemy" icon="link" href="https://www.alchemy.com/abstract" />

  <Card title="BlastAPI" icon="link" href="https://docs.blastapi.io/blast-documentation/apis-documentation/core-api/abstract" />

  <Card title="QuickNode" icon="link" href="https://www.quicknode.com/docs/abstract" />

  <Card title="dRPC" icon="link" href="https://drpc.org/chainlist/abstract" />
</CardGroup>


# L1 Rollup Contracts
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/l1-rollup-contracts

Learn more about the smart contracts deployed on L1 that enable Abstract to inherit the security properties of Ethereum.

An essential part of Abstract as a [ZK rollup](/how-abstract-works/architecture/layer-2s#what-is-a-zk-rollup)
is the smart contracts deployed to Ethereum (L1) that store and verify information about the
state of the L2.

By having these smart contracts deployed and performing these essential
roles on the L1, Abstract inherits the security properties of Ethereum.

These smart contracts work together to:

* Store the state diffs and compressed contract bytecode published from the L2 using [blobs](https://info.etherscan.com/what-is-a-blob/).
* Receive and verify the validity proofs posted by the L2.
* Facilitate communication between L1 and L2 to enable cross-chain messaging and bridging.

## List of Abstract Contracts

Below is a list of the smart contracts that Abstract uses.

### L1 Contracts

#### Mainnet

| **Contract**                                         | **Address**                                                                                                           |
| ---------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| L2 Operator (collects fees)                          | [0x459a5f1d4cfb01876d5022ae362c104034aabff9](https://etherscan.io/address/0x459a5f1d4cfb01876d5022ae362c104034aabff9) |
| L1 ETH Sender / Operator (Commits batches)           | [0x11805594be0229ef08429d775af0c55f7c4535de](https://etherscan.io/address/0x11805594be0229ef08429d775af0c55f7c4535de) |
| L1 ETH Sender / Operator (Prove and Execute batches) | [0x54ab716d465be3d5eeca64e63ac0048d7a81659a](https://etherscan.io/address/0x54ab716d465be3d5eeca64e63ac0048d7a81659a) |
| Governor Address (ChainAdmin owner)                  | [0x7F3EaB9ccf1d8B9705F7ede895d3b4aC1b631063](https://etherscan.io/address/0x7F3EaB9ccf1d8B9705F7ede895d3b4aC1b631063) |
| create2\_factory\_addr                               | [0xce0042b868300000d44a59004da54a005ffdcf9f](https://etherscan.io/address/0xce0042b868300000d44a59004da54a005ffdcf9f) |
| create2\_factory\_salt                               | `0x8c8c6108a96a14b59963a18367250dc2042dfe62da8767d72ffddb03f269ffcc`                                                  |
| BridgeHub Proxy Address                              | [0x303a465b659cbb0ab36ee643ea362c509eeb5213](https://etherscan.io/address/0x303a465b659cbb0ab36ee643ea362c509eeb5213) |
| State Transition Proxy Address                       | [0xc2ee6b6af7d616f6e27ce7f4a451aedc2b0f5f5c](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc2ee6b6af7d616f6e27ce7f4a451aedc2b0f5f5c) |
| Transparent Proxy Admin Address                      | [0xc2a36181fb524a6befe639afed37a67e77d62cf1](https://etherscan.io/address/0xc2a36181fb524a6befe639afed37a67e77d62cf1) |
| Validator Timelock Address                           | [0x5d8ba173dc6c3c90c8f7c04c9288bef5fdbad06e](https://etherscan.io/address/0x5d8ba173dc6c3c90c8f7c04c9288bef5fdbad06e) |
| ERC20 Bridge L1 Address                              | [0x57891966931eb4bb6fb81430e6ce0a03aabde063](https://etherscan.io/address/0x57891966931eb4bb6fb81430e6ce0a03aabde063) |
| Shared Bridge L1 Address                             | [0xd7f9f54194c633f36ccd5f3da84ad4a1c38cb2cb](https://etherscan.io/address/0xd7f9f54194c633f36ccd5f3da84ad4a1c38cb2cb) |
| Default Upgrade Address                              | [0x4d376798ba8f69ced59642c3ae8687c7457e855d](https://etherscan.io/address/0x4d376798ba8f69ced59642c3ae8687c7457e855d) |
| Diamond Proxy Address                                | [0x2EDc71E9991A962c7FE172212d1aA9E50480fBb9](https://etherscan.io/address/0x2EDc71E9991A962c7FE172212d1aA9E50480fBb9) |
| Multicall3 Address                                   | [0xca11bde05977b3631167028862be2a173976ca11](https://etherscan.io/address/0xca11bde05977b3631167028862be2a173976ca11) |
| Verifier Address                                     | [0x70f3fbf8a427155185ec90bed8a3434203de9604](https://etherscan.io/address/0x70f3fbf8a427155185ec90bed8a3434203de9604) |
| Chain Admin Address                                  | [0xA1f75f491f630037C4Ccaa2bFA22363CEC05a661](https://etherscan.io/address/0xA1f75f491f630037C4Ccaa2bFA22363CEC05a661) |

#### Testnet

| **Contract**                                         | **Address**                                                                                                                   |
| ---------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| L1 ETH Sender / Operator (Commits batches)           | [0x564D33DE40b1af31aAa2B726Eaf9Dafbaf763577](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x564D33DE40b1af31aAa2B726Eaf9Dafbaf763577) |
| L1 ETH Sender / Operator (Prove and Execute batches) | [0xcf43bdB3115547833FFe4D33d864d25135012648](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0xcf43bdB3115547833FFe4D33d864d25135012648) |
| Governor Address (ChainAdmin owner)                  | [0x397aa1340B514cB3EF8F474db72B7e62C9159C63](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x397aa1340B514cB3EF8F474db72B7e62C9159C63) |
| create2\_factory\_addr                               | [0xce0042b868300000d44a59004da54a005ffdcf9f](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0xce0042b868300000d44a59004da54a005ffdcf9f) |
| create2\_factory\_salt                               | `0x8c8c6108a96a14b59963a18367250dc2042dfe62da8767d72ffddb03f269ffcc`                                                          |
| BridgeHub Proxy Address                              | [0x35a54c8c757806eb6820629bc82d90e056394c92](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x35a54c8c757806eb6820629bc82d90e056394c92) |
| State Transition Proxy Address                       | [0x4e39e90746a9ee410a8ce173c7b96d3afed444a5](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x4e39e90746a9ee410a8ce173c7b96d3afed444a5) |
| Transparent Proxy Admin Address                      | [0x0358baca94dcd7931b7ba7aaf8a5ac6090e143a5](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x0358baca94dcd7931b7ba7aaf8a5ac6090e143a5) |
| Validator Timelock Address                           | [0xd3876643180a79d0a56d0900c060528395f34453](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0xd3876643180a79d0a56d0900c060528395f34453) |
| ERC20 Bridge L1 Address                              | [0x2ae09702f77a4940621572fbcdae2382d44a2cba](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x2ae09702f77a4940621572fbcdae2382d44a2cba) |
| Shared Bridge L1 Address                             | [0x3e8b2fe58675126ed30d0d12dea2a9bda72d18ae](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x3e8b2fe58675126ed30d0d12dea2a9bda72d18ae) |
| Default Upgrade Address                              | [0x27a7f18106281fe53d371958e8bc3f833694d24a](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x27a7f18106281fe53d371958e8bc3f833694d24a) |
| Diamond Proxy Address                                | [0x8ad52ff836a30f063df51a00c99518880b8b36ac](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x8ad52ff836a30f063df51a00c99518880b8b36ac) |
| Governance Address                                   | [0x15d049e3d24fbcd53129bf7781a0c6a506690ff2](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x15d049e3d24fbcd53129bf7781a0c6a506690ff2) |
| Multicall3 Address                                   | [0xca11bde05977b3631167028862be2a173976ca11](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0xca11bde05977b3631167028862be2a173976ca11) |
| Verifier Address                                     | [0xac3a2dc46cea843f0a9d6554f8804aed18ff0795](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0xac3a2dc46cea843f0a9d6554f8804aed18ff0795) |
| Chain Admin Address                                  | [0xEec1E1cFaaF993B3AbE9D5e78954f5691e719838](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0xEec1E1cFaaF993B3AbE9D5e78954f5691e719838) |

### L2 Contracts

#### Mainnet

| **Contract**             | **Address**                                                                                                         |
| ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| ERC20 Bridge L2 Address  | [0x954ba8223a6BFEC1Cc3867139243A02BA0Bc66e4](https://abscan.org/address/0x954ba8223a6BFEC1Cc3867139243A02BA0Bc66e4) |
| Shared Bridge L2 Address | [0x954ba8223a6BFEC1Cc3867139243A02BA0Bc66e4](https://abscan.org/address/0x954ba8223a6BFEC1Cc3867139243A02BA0Bc66e4) |
| Default L2 Upgrader      | [0xd3A8626C3caf69e3287D94D43700DB25EEaCccf1](https://abscan.org/address/0xd3A8626C3caf69e3287D94D43700DB25EEaCccf1) |

#### Testnet

| **Contract**             | **Address**                                                                                                                 |
| ------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| ERC20 Bridge L2 Address  | [0xec089e40c40b12dd4577e0c5381d877b613040ec](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0xec089e40c40b12dd4577e0c5381d877b613040ec) |
| Shared Bridge L2 Address | [0xec089e40c40b12dd4577e0c5381d877b613040ec](https://sepolia.abscan.org/address/0xec089e40c40b12dd4577e0c5381d877b613040ec) |


# Prover & Verifier
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/prover-and-verifier

Learn more about the prover and verifier components of Abstract.

The batches of transactions submitted to Ethereum by the [sequencer](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/sequencer)
are not necessarily valid (i.e. they have not been proven to be correct) until a ZK proof is generated
and verified by the [L1 rollup contract](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/l1-rollup-contracts).

ZK proofs are used in a two-step process to ensure the correctness of batches:

1. **[Proof generation](#proof-generation)**: An **off-chain** prover generates a ZK proof that a batch of transactions is valid.
2. **[Proof verification](#proof-verification)**: The proof is submitted to the [L1 rollup contract](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/l1-rollup-contracts) and verified by the **on-chain** verifier.

Since the proof verification is performed on Ethereum, Abstract inherits the security guarantees of the Ethereum L1.

## Proof Generation

The proof generation process is composed of three main steps:

<Steps>
  <Step title="Witness Generation">
    A **witness** is the cryptographic term for the knowledge
    that the prover wishes to demonstrate is true.
    In the context of Abstract, the witness is the data that the prover uses to claim a transaction is valid without disclosing any transaction details.

    Witnesses are collected in batches and processed together.

    <Card title="Witness Generator Source Code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/zksync-era/tree/main/prover/crates/bin/witness_generator">
      View the source code on GitHub for the witness generator.
    </Card>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Circuit Execution">
    Circuits are executed by the prover and the verifier, where the prover uses
    the witness to generate a proof, and the verifier checks this proof against the
    circuit to confirm its validity.
    [View the full list of circuits on the ZK Stack documentation](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack/components/prover/circuits).

    The goal of these circuits is to ensure the correct execution of the VM,
    covering every [opcode](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/evm-opcodes),
    storage interaction, and the integration of [precompiled contracts](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/precompiles).

    The ZK-proving circuit iterates over the entire transaction batch,
    verifying the sequence of updates that result in a final state root after the last transaction is executed.

    Abstract uses [Boojum](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack/components/prover/boojum-gadgets)
    to prove and verify the circuit functionality, along with operating the backend components necessary for circuit construction.

    <CardGroup cols={2}>
      <Card title="zkEVM Circuits Source Code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-zkevm_circuits">
        View the source code on GitHub for the zkEVM circuits.
      </Card>

      <Card title="Boojum Source Code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/zksync-crypto/tree/main/crates/boojum">
        View the source code on GitHub for Boojum.
      </Card>
    </CardGroup>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Proof Compression">
    The circuit outputs a
    [ZK-STARK](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/#validity-proofs);
    a type of validity proof that is relatively large and therefore would be more costly
    to post on Ethereum to be verified.

    For this reason, a final compression step is performed to generate a succinct validity proof
    called a [ZK-SNARK](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/#validity-proofs)
    that can be [verified](#proof-verification) quickly and cheaply on Ethereum.

    <Card title="Compressor Source Code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/zksync-era/tree/main/prover/crates/bin/proof_fri_compressor">
      View the source code on GitHub for the FRI compressor.
    </Card>
  </Step>
</Steps>

## Proof Verification

The final ZK-SNARK generated from the proof generation phase is
submitted with the `proveBatches` function call to the
[L1 rollup contract](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/l1-rollup-contracts) as outlined in the
[transaction lifecycle](/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle) section.

The ZK proof is then verified by the verifier smart contract on Ethereum by calling
its `verify` function and providing the proof as an argument.

```solidity
// Returns a boolean value indicating whether the zk-SNARK proof is valid.
function verify(
    uint256[] calldata _publicInputs,
    uint256[] calldata _proof,
    uint256[] calldata _recursiveAggregationInput
) external view returns (bool);
```

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="IVerifier Interface Source Code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/l1-contracts/contracts/state-transition/chain-interfaces/IVerifier.sol">
    View the source code for the IVerifier interface
  </Card>

  <Card title="Verifier Source Code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/l1-contracts/contracts/state-transition/Verifier.sol">
    View the source code for the Verifier implementation smart contract
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Sequencer
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/sequencer

Learn more about the sequencer component of Abstract.

The sequencer is composed of several services that work together
to receive and process transactions on the L2,
organize them into blocks, create transaction batches, and send these batches to Ethereum.

It is composed of the following components:

1. [RPC](#rpc): provides an API for the clients to interact with the chain (i.e. send transactions, query the state, etc).
2. [Sequencer](#sequencer): processes L2 transactions, organizes them into blocks, and ensures they comply with the constraints of the proving system.
3. [ETH Operator](#eth-operator): batches L2 transactions together and dispatches them to the L1.

<Card title="View the source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/zksync-era">
  View the repositories for each component on the ZK stack docs.
</Card>

### RPC

A [JSON-RPC](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/) API is exposed for clients (such as applications)
to provide a set of methods that can be used to interact with Abstract.
There are two types of APIs exposed:

1. **HTTP API**: This API is used to interact with the chain using traditional HTTP requests.
2. **WebSocket API**: This API is used to subscribe to events and receive real-time updates from the chain including PubSub events.

### Sequencer

Once transactions are received through the RPC API, the sequencer processes them,
organizes them into blocks, and ensures they comply with the constraints of the proving system.

### ETH Operator

The ETH Operator module interfaces directly with the L1, responsible for:

* Monitoring the L1 for specific events (such as deposits and system upgrades) and
  ensuring the sequencer remains in sync with the L1.
* Batching multiple L2 transactions together and dispatching them to the L1.


# Layer 2s
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/architecture/layer-2s

Learn what a layer 2 is and how Abstract is built as a layer 2 blockchain to inherit the security properties of Ethereum.

Abstract is a [layer 2](#what-is-a-layer-2) (L2) blockchain that creates batches of transactions and posts them to Ethereum to inherit
Ethereum’s security properties. Specifically, Abstract
is a [ZK Rollup](#what-is-a-zk-rollup) built with the [ZK stack](#what-is-the-zk-stack).

By posting and verifying batches of transactions on Ethereum,
Abstract provides strong security guarantees while also enabling fast and cheap transactions.

## What is a Layer 2?

A layer 2 (L2) is a collective term that refers to a set of
blockchains that are built to scale Ethereum.

Since Ethereum is only able to process roughly 15 transactions per second (TPS), often with
expensive gas fees, it is not feasible for consumer applications to run on Ethereum directly.

The main goal of an L2 is therefore to both increase the transaction throughput
*(i.e. how many transactions can be processed per second)*, and reduce the
cost of gas fees for those transactions, **without** sacrificing decentralization or security.

<Card title="Ethereum Docs - Layer 2s" icon="file-contract" href="https://ethereum.org/en/layer-2/">
  Start developing smart contracts or applications on Abstract
</Card>

## What is a ZK Rollup?

A ZK (Zero-Knowledge) Rollup is a type of L2 that uses zero-knowledge proofs to
verify the validity of batches of transactions that are posted to Ethereum.

As the L2 posts batches of transactions to Ethereum, it is important to ensure that the
transactions are valid and the state of the L2 is correct. This is done by using
zero-knowledge proofs (called [validity proofs](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/#validity-proofs))
to confirm the correctness of the state transitions in the batch
without having to re-execute the transactions on Ethereum.

<Card title="Ethereum Docs - ZK Rollups" icon="file-contract" href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/">
  Start developing smart contracts or applications on Abstract
</Card>

## What is the ZK Stack?

Abstract uses the [ZK stack](https://zkstack.io/components);
an open-source framework for building sovereign ZK rollups.

<Card title="ZKsync Docs - ZK Stack" icon="file-contract" href="https://zkstack.io">
  Start developing smart contracts or applications on Abstract
</Card>


# Transaction Lifecycle
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle

Learn how transactions are processed on Abstract and finalized on Ethereum.

As explained in the [layer 2s](/how-abstract-works/architecture/layer-2s)
section, Abstract inherits the security properties of Ethereum by posting
batches of L2 transactions to the L1 and using ZK proofs to ensure their correctness.

This relationship is implemented using both off-chain components as well
as multiple smart contracts *(on both L1 and L2)* to transfer batches of
transactions, enforce [data availability](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-availability/),
ensure the validity of the ZK proofs, and more.

Each transaction goes through a flow that can broadly be separated into four phases,
which can be seen for each transaction on our [block explorers](/tooling/block-explorers):

<Steps>
  <Step title="Abstract (Processed)">
    The transaction is executed and soft confirmation is
    provided back to the user about the execution of their transaction (i.e. if their transaction succeeded or not).

    After execution, the sequencer both forwards the block to the prover and creates a
    batch containing transactions from multiple blocks.

    [Example batch ↗](https://sepolia.abscan.org/batch/3678).
  </Step>

  <Step title="Ethereum (sending)">
    Multiple batches are committed to Ethereum in a
    single transaction
    in the form of an optimized data submission that only details the changes
    in blockchain state; called a
    **<Tooltip tip="State diffs offer a more cost-effective approach to transactions than full
    transaction data. By omitting signatures and publishing only the final state when multiple
    transactions alter the same slots.">state diff</Tooltip>**.

    This step is one of the roles of the [sequencer](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/sequencer);
    calling the `commitBatches` function on the [L1 rollup contract](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/l1-rollup-contracts) and
    ensuring the [data availability](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/data-availability/) of these batches.

    The batches are stored on Ethereum using [blobs](https://info.etherscan.com/what-is-a-blob/) following the [EIP-4844](https://www.eip4844.com/) standard.

    [Example transaction ↗](https://sepolia.abscan.org/tx/0x2163e8fba4c8b3779e266b8c3c4e51eab4107ad9b77d0c65cdc8e168eb14fd4d)
  </Step>

  <Step title="Ethereum (validating)">
    A ZK proof that validates the batches is generated and submitted to the
    L1 rollup contract for verification by calling the contract’s
    `proveBatches` function.

    This process involves both the [prover](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/prover-and-verifier), which is responsible for
    generating the ZK proof off-chain in the form of a [ZK-SNARK](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/#validity-proofs)
    & submitting it to the L1 rollup contract as well as the [verifier](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/prover-and-verifier), which
    is responsible for confirming the validity of the proof on-chain.

    [Example transaction ↗](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/tx/0x3a30e04284fa52c002e6d7ff3b61e6d3b09d4c56c740162140687edb6405e38c)
  </Step>

  <Step title="Ethereum (executing)">
    Shortly after validation is complete, the state is finalized and the Merkle tree with L2 logs is saved
    by calling the `executeBatches` function on the L1 rollup contract. [Learn more about state commitments](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/#state-commitments).

    [Example transaction ↗](https://sepolia.etherscan.io/tx/0x16891b5227e7ee040aab79e2b8d74289ea6b9b65c83680d533f03508758576e6)
  </Step>
</Steps>


# Best Practices
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/best-practices

Learn the best practices for building smart contracts on Abstract.

This page outlines the best practices to follow in order to best utilize Abstract's
features and optimize your smart contracts for deployment on Abstract.

## Do not rely on EVM gas logic

Abstract has different gas logic than Ethereum, mainly:

1. The price for transaction execution fluctuates as it depends on the price of L1 gas price.
2. The price for opcode execution is different on Abstract than Ethereum.

### Use `call` instead of `.send` or `.transfer`

Each opcode in the EVM has an associated gas cost. The `send` and `transfer` functions have a `2300` gas stipend.

If the address you call is a smart contract (which all accounts on Abstract are),
the recipient contract may have some custom logic that requires more than 2300 gas to execute upon receiving the funds,
causing the call to fail.

For this reason, it is strongly recommended to use `call` instead of `.send` or `.transfer` when sending funds to a smart contract.

```solidity
// Before:
payable(addr).send(x)
payable(addr).transfer(x)

// After:
(bool success, ) = addr.call{value: x}("");
require(success, "Transfer failed.");
```

**Important:** Using `call` does not
provide the same level of protection against [reentrancy attacks](https://blog.openzeppelin.com/reentrancy-after-istanbul).
Some additional changes may be required in your contract. [Learn more in this security report ↗](https://consensys.io/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/).

### Consider `gasPerPubdataByte`

[EIP-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) transactions have a `gasPerPubdataByte`
field that can be set to control the amount of gas that is charged for each byte of data sent to L1
(see [transaction lifecycle](/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle)). [Learn more ↗](https://docs.zksync.io/build/developer-reference/era-contracts/pubdata-post-4844).

When calculating how much gas is remaining using `gasleft()`, consider that the
`gasPerPubdataByte` also needs to be accounted for.

While the [system contracts](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/overview)
currently have control over this value, this may become decentralized
in the future; therefore it’s important to consider that the
operator can choose any value up to the upper bound submitted in the signed transaction.

## Address recovery with `ecrecover`

Review the recommendations in the [signature validation](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/signature-validation)
section when recovering the address from a signature, as the sender of a transaction may not use [ECDSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm)
(i.e. it is not an EOA).


# Contract Deployment
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment

Learn how to deploy smart contracts on Abstract.

Unlike Ethereum, Abstract does not store the bytecode of smart contracts directly;
instead, it stores a hash of the bytecode and publishes the bytecode itself to Ethereum.

This adds several benefits to smart contract deployments on Abstract, including:

* **Inherited L1 Security**: Smart contract bytecode is stored directly on Ethereum.
* **Increased Gas efficiency**: Only *unique* contract bytecode needs to be published on Ethereum.
  If you deploy the same contract more than once *(such as when using a factory)*, subsequent contract deployments are substantially cheaper.

## How Contract Deployment Works

**Contracts cannot be deployed on Abstract unless the bytecode of the smart contract to be deployed is published on Ethereum.**
If the bytecode of the contract has not been published, the deployment transaction will fail with the error `the code hash is not known`.

To publish bytecode before deployment, all contract deployments on Abstract are performed by calling the
[ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer) system contract
using one of its
[create](#create),
[create2](#create2),
[createAccount](#createaccount), or
[create2Account](#create2account) functions.

The bytecode of your smart contract and any other smart contracts that it can deploy *(such as when using a factory)*
must be included inside the factory dependencies (`factoryDeps`) of the deployment transaction.

Typically, this process occurs under the hood and is performed by the compiler and client libraries.
This page will show you how to deploy smart contracts on Abstract by interacting with the
[ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer) system contract.

## Get Started Deploying Smart Contracts

Use the [example repository](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/contract-deployment)
below as a reference for creating smart contracts and scripts that can deploy smart contracts on Abstract using various libraries.

<Card title="Contract Deployment Example Repo" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/contract-deployment">
  See example code on how to build factory contracts and deployment scripts
  using Hardhat, Ethers, Viem, and more.
</Card>

## Deploying Smart Contracts

When building smart contracts, the [zksolc](https://github.com/matter-labs/zksolc-bin) and [zkvyper](https://github.com/matter-labs/zkvyper-bin)
compilers transform calls to the `CREATE` and `CREATE2` opcodes into calls to the `create` and `create2` functions on the `ContractDeployer` system contract.

In addition, when you call either of these opcodes, the compiler automatically detects what other contracts
your contract is capable of deploying and includes them in the `factoryDeps` field
of the generated artifacts.

### Solidity

No Solidity changes are required to deploy smart contracts, as the compiler handles the transformation automatically.
*Note*: address derivation via
`CREATE` and `CREATE2` is different from Ethereum.
[Learn more](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/evm-opcodes#address-derivation).

#### create

Below are examples of how to write a smart contract that deploys other smart contracts
using the `CREATE` opcode. The compiler will automatically transform these calls
into calls to the `create` function on the `ContractDeployer` system contract.

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="New contract instance via create">
    <CodeGroup>
      ```solidity MyContractFactory.sol
      import "./MyContract.sol";

      contract MyContractFactory {
          function createMyContract() public {
              MyContract myContract = new MyContract();
          }
      }
      ```

      ```solidity MyContract.sol
      contract MyContract {
          function sayHello() public pure returns (string memory) {
              return "Hello World!";
          }
      }
      ```
    </CodeGroup>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="New contract instance via create (using assembly)">
    <CodeGroup>
      ```solidity MyContractFactory.sol
      import "./MyContract.sol";

      contract MyContractFactory {
        function createMyContractAssembly() public {
            bytes memory bytecode = type(MyContract).creationCode;
            address myContract;
            assembly {
                myContract := create(0, add(bytecode, 32), mload(bytecode))
            }
        }
      }
      ```

      ```solidity MyContract.sol
      contract MyContract {
          function sayHello() public pure returns (string memory) {
              return "Hello World!";
          }
      }
      ```
    </CodeGroup>
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

#### create2

Below are examples of how to write a smart contract that deploys other smart contracts
using the `CREATE2` opcode. The compiler will automatically transform these calls
into calls to the `create2` function on the `ContractDeployer` system contract.

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="New contract instance via create2">
    <CodeGroup>
      ```solidity MyContractFactory.sol
      import "./MyContract.sol";

      contract MyContractFactory {
        function create2MyContract(bytes32 salt) public {
            MyContract myContract = new MyContract{salt: salt}();
        }
      }
      ```

      ```solidity MyContract.sol
      contract MyContract {
          function sayHello() public pure returns (string memory) {
              return "Hello World!";
          }
      }
      ```
    </CodeGroup>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="New contract instance via create2 (using assembly)">
    <CodeGroup>
      ```solidity MyContractFactory.sol
      import "./MyContract.sol";

      contract MyContractFactory {
        function create2MyContractAssembly(bytes32 salt) public {
            bytes memory bytecode = type(MyContract).creationCode;
            address myContract;
            assembly {
                myContract := create2(0, add(bytecode, 32), mload(bytecode), salt)
            }
        }
      }
      ```

      ```solidity MyContract.sol
      contract MyContract {
          function sayHello() public pure returns (string memory) {
              return "Hello World!";
          }
      }
      ```
    </CodeGroup>
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

#### createAccount

When deploying [smart contract wallets](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets) on Abstract,
manually call the `createAccount` or `create2Account` function on the `ContractDeployer` system contract.
This is required because the contract needs to be flagged as a smart contract wallet by setting
the fourth argument of the `createAccount` function to the account abstraction version.

<Card title="View Example AccountFactory.sol using create" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/contract-deployment/hardhat/contracts/AccountFactory.sol#L30-L54">
  See an example of a factory contract that deploys smart contract wallets using createAccount.
</Card>

#### create2Account

Similar to the `createAccount` function, the `create2Account` function on the `ContractDeployer` system contract must be
called manually when deploying smart contract wallets on Abstract to
flag the contract as a smart contract wallet by setting the fourth argument of the `create2Account` function to the account abstraction version.

<Card title="View Example AccountFactory.sol using create2" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/contract-deployment/hardhat/contracts/AccountFactory.sol#L57-L82">
  See an example of a factory contract that deploys smart contract wallets using create2Account.
</Card>

### EIP-712 Transactions via Clients

Once your smart contracts are compiled and you have the bytecode(s),
you can use various client libraries to deploy your smart contracts by creating
[EIP-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) transactions that:

* Have the transaction type set to `113` (to indicate an EIP-712 transaction).
* Call the `create`, `create2`, `createAccount`, or `create2Account` function `to` the
  `ContractDeployer` system contract address (`0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008006`).
* Include the bytecode of the smart contract and any other contracts it can deploy in the `customData.factoryDeps`
  field of the transaction.

#### hardhat-zksync

Since the compiler automatically generates the `factoryDeps` field for you in the contract artifact *(unless you are manually
calling the `ContractDeployer` via `createAccount` or `create2Account` functions)*,
load the artifact of the contract and use the [Deployer](https://docs.zksync.io/zksync-era/tooling/hardhat/plugins/hardhat-zksync-deploy#deployer-export)
class from the `hardhat-zksync` plugin to deploy the contract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Example contract factory contract deployment script" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/contract-deployment/hardhat/deploy/deploy-account.ts" />

  <Card title="Example smart contract wallet factory deployment script" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/contract-deployment/hardhat/deploy/deploy-mycontract.ts" />
</CardGroup>

#### zksync-ethers

Use the [ContractFactory](https://sdk.zksync.io/js/ethers/api/v6/contract/contract-factory)
class from the [zksync-ethers](https://sdk.zksync.io/js/ethers/api/v6/contract/contract-factory) library to deploy your smart contracts.

<Card title="View Example zksync-ethers Contract Deployment Script" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/contract-deployment/clients/src/ethers.ts" />

#### viem

Use Viem’s [deployContract](https://viem.sh/zksync/actions/deployContract) method
to deploy your smart contracts.

<Card title="View Example Viem Contract Deployment Script" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/blob/main/contract-deployment/clients/src/viem.ts" />

## How Bytecode Publishing Works

When a contract is deployed on Abstract, multiple [system contracts](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts)
work together to compress and publish the contract bytecode to Ethereum before the contract is deployed.

Once the bytecode is published, the hash of the bytecode is set to "known"; meaning
the contract can be deployed on Abstract without needing to publish the bytecode again.

The process can be broken down into the following steps:

<Steps>
  <Step title="Bootloader processes transaction">
    The [bootloader](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader) receives
    an [EIP-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) transaction that defines
    a contract deployment. This transaction must:

    1. Call the `create` or `create2` function on the `ContractDeployer` system contract.
    2. Provide a salt, the formatted hash of the contract bytecode, and the constructor calldata as arguments.
    3. Inside the `factory_deps` field of the transaction, include the bytecode of the smart contract being deployed
       as well as the bytecodes of any other contracts that this contract can deploy (such as if it is a factory contract).

    <Accordion title="See the create function signature">
      ```solidity
      /// @notice Deploys a contract with similar address derivation rules to the EVM's `CREATE` opcode.
      /// @param _bytecodeHash The correctly formatted hash of the bytecode.
      /// @param _input The constructor calldata
      /// @dev This method also accepts nonce as one of its parameters.
      /// It is not used anywhere and it needed simply for the consistency for the compiler
      /// Note: this method may be callable only in system mode,
      /// that is checked in the `createAccount` by `onlySystemCall` modifier.
      function create(
          bytes32 _salt,
          bytes32 _bytecodeHash,
          bytes calldata _input
      ) external payable override returns (address) {
        // ...
      }
      ```
    </Accordion>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Marking contract as known and publishing compressed bytecode">
    Under the hood, the bootloader informs the
    [KnownCodesStorage](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#knowncodesstorage) system contract
    about the contract code hash.
    This is required for all contract deployments on Abstract.

    The `KnownCodesStorage` then calls the
    [Compressor](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#compressor), which subsequently calls the
    [L1Messenger](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#l1messenger)
    system contract to publish the hash of the compressed contract bytecode to
    Ethereum (assuming this contract code has not been deployed before).
  </Step>

  <Step title="Smart contract account execution">
    Once the bootloader finishes calling the other system contracts to ensure the contract code hash is known,
    and the contract code is published to Ethereum,
    it continues executing the transaction as described in the
    [transaction flow](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow) section.

    This flow includes invoking the contract deployer account’s `validateTransaction` and `executeTransaction` functions; which
    will determine whether to deploy the contract and how to execute the deployment transaction respectively.

    Learn more about these functions on the [smart contract wallets](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets) section, or
    view an example implementation in the [DefaultAccount](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#defaultaccount).
  </Step>
</Steps>


# EVM Opcodes
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/evm-opcodes

Learn how Abstract differs from Ethereum's EVM opcodes.

This page outlines what opcodes differ in behavior between Abstract and Ethereum.

It is a fork of the [ZKsync EVM Instructions](https://docs.zksync.io/build/developer-reference/ethereum-differences/evm-instructions) page.

## `CREATE` & `CREATE2`

Deploying smart contracts on Abstract is different than
Ethereum (see [contract deployment](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment)).
To guarantee that `create` & `create2` functions operate correctly,
the compiler must be aware of the bytecode of the deployed contract in advance.

```solidity
// Works as expected ✅
MyContract a = new MyContract();
MyContract a = new MyContract{salt: ...}();

// Works as expected ✅
bytes memory bytecode = type(MyContract).creationCode;
assembly {
    addr := create2(0, add(bytecode, 32), mload(bytecode), salt)
}

// Will not work because the compiler is not aware of the bytecode beforehand ❌
function myFactory(bytes memory bytecode) public {
   assembly {
      addr := create(0, add(bytecode, 0x20), mload(bytecode))
   }
}
```

For this reason:

* We strongly recommend including tests for any factory that deploys contracts using `type(T).creationCode`.
* Using `type(T).runtimeCode` will always produce a compile-time error.

### Address Derivation

The addresses of smart contracts deployed using `create` and `create2` will be different on Abstract
than Ethereum as they use different bytecode. This means the same bytecode deployed on Ethereum
will have a different contract address on Abstract.

<Accordion title="View address derivation formula">
  ```typescript
  export function create2Address(sender: Address, bytecodeHash: BytesLike, salt: BytesLike, input: BytesLike) {
  const prefix = ethers.utils.keccak256(ethers.utils.toUtf8Bytes("zksyncCreate2"));
  const inputHash = ethers.utils.keccak256(input);
  const addressBytes = ethers.utils.keccak256(ethers.utils.concat([prefix, ethers.utils.zeroPad(sender, 32), salt, bytecodeHash, inputHash])).slice(26);
  return ethers.utils.getAddress(addressBytes);
  }

  export function createAddress(sender: Address, senderNonce: BigNumberish) {
  const prefix = ethers.utils.keccak256(ethers.utils.toUtf8Bytes("zksyncCreate"));
  const addressBytes = ethers.utils
      .keccak256(ethers.utils.concat([prefix, ethers.utils.zeroPad(sender, 32), ethers.utils.zeroPad(ethers.utils.hexlify(senderNonce), 32)]))
      .slice(26);

  return ethers.utils.getAddress(addressBytes);
  }
  ```
</Accordion>

## `CALL`, `STATICCALL`, `DELEGATECALL`

For calls, you specify a memory slice to write the return data to, e.g. `out` and `outsize` arguments for
`call(g, a, v, in, insize, out, outsize)`. In EVM, if `outsize != 0`, the allocated memory will grow to `out + outsize`
(rounded up to the words) regardless of the `returndatasize`. On Abstract, `returndatacopy`, similar to `calldatacopy`,
is implemented as a cycle iterating over return data with a few additional checks and triggering a panic if
`out + outsize > returndatasize` to simulate the same behavior as in EVM.

Thus, unlike EVM where memory growth occurs before the call itself, on Abstract, the necessary copying of return data
happens only after the call has ended, leading to a difference in `msize()` and sometimes Abstract not panicking where
EVM would panic due to the difference in memory growth.

```solidity
success := call(gas(), target, 0, in, insize, out, outsize) // grows to 'min(returndatasize(), out + outsize)'
```

```solidity
success := call(gas(), target, 0, in, insize, out, 0) // memory untouched
returndatacopy(out, 0, returndatasize()) // grows to 'out + returndatasize()'
```

Additionally, there is no native support for passing Ether on Abstract, so it is handled by a special system contract
called `MsgValueSimulator`. The simulator receives the callee address and Ether amount, performs all necessary balance
changes, and then calls the callee.

## `MSTORE`, `MLOAD`

Unlike EVM, where the memory growth is in words, on zkEVM the memory growth is counted in bytes. For example, if you write
`mstore(100, 0)` the `msize` on zkEVM will be `132`, but on the EVM it will be `160`. Note, that also unlike EVM which
has quadratic growth for memory payments, on zkEVM the fees are charged linearly at a rate of `1` erg per byte.

The other thing is that our compiler can sometimes optimize unused memory reads/writes. This can lead to different `msize`
compared to Ethereum since fewer bytes have been allocated, leading to cases where EVM panics, but zkEVM will not due to
the difference in memory growth.

## `CALLDATALOAD`, `CALLDATACOPY`

If the `offset` for `calldataload(offset)` is greater than `2^32-33` then execution will panic.

Internally on zkEVM, `calldatacopy(to, offset, len)` there is just a loop with the `calldataload` and `mstore` on each iteration.
That means that the code will panic if `2^32-32 + offset % 32 < offset + len`.

## `RETURN`, `STOP`

Constructors return the array of immutable values. If you use `RETURN` or `STOP` in an
assembly block in the constructor on Abstract,
it will leave the immutable variables uninitialized.

```solidity
contract Example {
    uint immutable x;

    constructor() {
        x = 45;

        assembly {
            // The statements below are overridden by the zkEVM compiler to return
            // the array of immutables.

            // The statement below leaves the variable x uninitialized.
            // return(0, 32)

            // The statement below leaves the variable x uninitialized.
            // stop()
        }
    }

    function getData() external pure returns (string memory) {
        assembly {
            return(0, 32) // works as expected
        }
    }
}

```

## `TIMESTAMP`, `NUMBER`

For more information about blocks on Abstract, including the differences between `block.timestamp` and `block.number`,
check out the [blocks on ZKsync Documentation](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack).

## `COINBASE`

Returns the address of the `Bootloader` contract, which is `0x8001` on Abstract.

## `DIFFICULTY`, `PREVRANDAO`

Returns a constant value of `2500000000000000` on Abstract.

## `BASEFEE`

This is not a constant on Abstract and is instead defined by the fee model. Most
of the time it is 0.25 gwei, but under very high L1 gas prices it may rise.

## `SELFDESTRUCT`

Considered harmful and deprecated in [EIP-6049](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6049).

Always produces a compile-time error with the zkEVM compiler.

## `CALLCODE`

Deprecated in [EIP-2488](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2488) in favor of `DELEGATECALL`.

Always produces a compile-time error with the zkEVM compiler.

## `PC`

Inaccessible in Yul and Solidity `>=0.7.0`, but accessible in Solidity `0.6`.

Always produces a compile-time error with the zkEVM compiler.

## `CODESIZE`

| Deploy code                       | Runtime code  |
| --------------------------------- | ------------- |
| Size of the constructor arguments | Contract size |

Yul uses a special instruction `datasize` to distinguish the contract code and constructor arguments, so we
substitute `datasize` with 0 and `codesize` with `calldatasize` in Abstract deployment code. This way when Yul calculates the
calldata size as `sub(codesize, datasize)`, the result is the size of the constructor arguments.

```solidity
contract Example {
    uint256 public deployTimeCodeSize;
    uint256 public runTimeCodeSize;

    constructor() {
        assembly {
            deployTimeCodeSize := codesize() // return the size of the constructor arguments
        }
    }

    function getRunTimeCodeSize() external {
        assembly {
            runTimeCodeSize := codesize() // works as expected
        }
    }
}
```

## `CODECOPY`

| Deploy code                      | Runtime code (old EVM codegen) | Runtime code (new Yul codegen) |
| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ |
| Copies the constructor arguments | Zeroes memory out              | Compile-time error             |

```solidity
contract Example {
    constructor() {
        assembly {
            codecopy(0, 0, 32) // behaves as CALLDATACOPY
        }
    }

    function getRunTimeCodeSegment() external {
        assembly {
            // Behaves as 'memzero' if the compiler is run with the old (EVM assembly) codegen,
            // since it is how solc performs this operation there. On the new (Yul) codegen
            // `CALLDATACOPY(dest, calldatasize(), 32)` would be generated by solc instead, and
            // `CODECOPY` is safe to prohibit in runtime code.
            // Produces a compile-time error on the new codegen, as it is not required anywhere else,
            // so it is safe to assume that the user wants to read the contract bytecode which is not
            // available on zkEVM.
            codecopy(0, 0, 32)
        }
    }
}
```

## `EXTCODECOPY`

Contract bytecode cannot be accessed on zkEVM architecture. Only its size is accessible with both `CODESIZE` and `EXTCODESIZE`.

`EXTCODECOPY` always produces a compile-time error with the zkEVM compiler.

## `DATASIZE`, `DATAOFFSET`, `DATACOPY`

Contract deployment is handled by two parts of the zkEVM protocol: the compiler front end and the system contract called `ContractDeployer`.

On the compiler front-end the code of the deployed contract is substituted with its hash. The hash is returned by the `dataoffset`
Yul instruction or the `PUSH [$]` EVM legacy assembly instruction. The hash is then passed to the `datacopy` Yul instruction or
the `CODECOPY` EVM legacy instruction, which writes the hash to the correct position of the calldata of the call to `ContractDeployer`.

The deployer calldata consists of several elements:

| Element                     | Offset | Size |
| --------------------------- | ------ | ---- |
| Deployer method signature   | 0      | 4    |
| Salt                        | 4      | 32   |
| Contract hash               | 36     | 32   |
| Constructor calldata offset | 68     | 32   |
| Constructor calldata length | 100    | 32   |
| Constructor calldata        | 132    | N    |

The data can be logically split into header (first 132 bytes) and constructor calldata (the rest).

The header replaces the contract code in the EVM pipeline, whereas the constructor calldata remains unchanged.
For this reason, `datasize` and `PUSH [$]` return the header size (132), and the space for constructor arguments is allocated by **solc** on top of it.

Finally, the `CREATE` or `CREATE2` instructions pass 132+N bytes to the `ContractDeployer` contract, which makes all
the necessary changes to the state and returns the contract address or zero if there has been an error.

If some Ether is passed, the call to the `ContractDeployer` also goes through the `MsgValueSimulator` just like ordinary calls.

We do not recommend using `CREATE` for anything other than creating contracts with the `new` operator. However, a lot of contracts create contracts
in assembly blocks instead, so authors must ensure that the behavior is compatible with the logic described above.

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="Yul example">
    ```solidity
    let _1 := 128                                       // the deployer calldata offset
    let _2 := datasize("Callable_50")                   // returns the header size (132)
    let _3 := add(_1, _2)                               // the constructor arguments begin offset
    let _4 := add(_3, args_size)                        // the constructor arguments end offset
    datacopy(_1, dataoffset("Callable_50"), _2)         // dataoffset returns the contract hash, which is written according to the offset in the 1st argument
    let address_or_zero := create(0, _1, sub(_4, _1))   // the header and constructor arguments are passed to the ContractDeployer system contract
    ```
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="EVM legacy assembly example">
    ```solidity
    010     PUSH #[$]       tests/solidity/complex/create/create/callable.sol:Callable      // returns the header size (132), equivalent to Yul's datasize
    011     DUP1
    012     PUSH [$]        tests/solidity/complex/create/create/callable.sol:Callable      // returns the contract hash, equivalent to Yul's dataoffset
    013     DUP4
    014     CODECOPY        // CODECOPY statically detects the special arguments above and behaves like the Yul's datacopy
    ...
    146     CREATE          // accepts the same data as in the Yul example above
    ```
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

## `SETIMMUTABLE`, `LOADIMMUTABLE`

zkEVM does not provide any access to the contract bytecode, so the behavior of immutable values is simulated with the system contracts.

1. The deploy code, also known as the constructor, assembles the array of immutables in the auxiliary heap. Each array element
   consists of an index and a value. Indexes are allocated sequentially by `zksolc` for each string literal identifier allocated by `solc`.
2. The constructor returns the array as the return data to the contract deployer.
3. The array is passed to a special system contract called `ImmutableSimulator`, where it is stored in a mapping with
   the contract address as the key.
4. In order to access immutables from the runtime code, contracts call the `ImmutableSimulator` to fetch a value using
   the address and value index. In the deploy code, immutable values are read from the auxiliary heap, where they are still available.

The element of the array of immutable values:

```solidity
struct Immutable {
    uint256 index;
  uint256 value;
}
```

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="Yul example">
    Yul example:

    ```solidity
    mstore(128, 1)                                   // write the 1st value to the heap
    mstore(160, 2)                                   // write the 2nd value to the heap

    let _2 := mload(64)
    let _3 := datasize("X_21_deployed")              // returns 0 in the deploy code
    codecopy(_2, dataoffset("X_21_deployed"), _3)    // no effect, because the length is 0

    // the 1st argument is ignored
    setimmutable(_2, "3", mload(128))                // write the 1st value to the auxiliary heap array at index 0
    setimmutable(_2, "5", mload(160))                // write the 2nd value to the auxiliary heap array at index 32

    return(_2, _3)                                   // returns the auxiliary heap array instead
    ```
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="EVM legacy assembly example">
    ```solidity
    053     PUSH #[$]       <path:Type>               // returns 0 in the deploy code
    054     PUSH [$]        <path:Type>
    055     PUSH            0
    056     CODECOPY                                  // no effect, because the length is 0
    057     ASSIGNIMMUTABLE 5                         // write the 1st value to the auxiliary heap array at index 0
    058     ASSIGNIMMUTABLE 3                         // write the 2nd value to the auxiliary heap array at index 32
    059     PUSH #[$]       <path:Type>
    060     PUSH            0
    061     RETURN                                    // returns the auxiliary heap array instead
    ```
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>


# Gas Fees
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/gas-fees

Learn how Abstract differs from Ethereum's EVM opcodes.

Abstract’s gas fees depend on the fluctuating
[gas prices](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/) on Ethereum. As mentioned in
the [transaction lifecycle](/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle)
section, Abstract posts state diffs *(as well as compressed contract bytecode)* to Ethereum
in the form of [blobs](https://www.eip4844.com/).

In addition to the cost of posting blobs, there are costs associated with generating
ZK proofs for batches and committing & verifying these proofs on Ethereum.

To fairly distribute
these costs among L2 transactions, gas fees on Abstract are charged proportionally
to how close a transaction brought a batch to being **sealed** (i.e. full).

## Components

Fees on Abstract therefore consist of both **off-chain** and **onchain** components:

1. **Offchain Fee**:
   * Fixed cost (approximately \$0.001 per transaction).
   * Covers L2 state storage and zero-knowledge [proof generation](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/prover-and-verifier#proof-generation).
   * Independent of transaction complexity.
2. **Onchain Fee**:
   * Variable cost (influenced by Ethereum gas prices).
   * Covers [proof verification](/how-abstract-works/architecture/components/prover-and-verifier#proof-verification) and [publishing state](/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle) on Ethereum.

## Differences from Ethereum

| Aspect                  | Ethereum                                                   | Abstract                                                                                 |
| ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **Fee Composition**     | Entirely onchain, consisting of base fee and priority fee. | Split between offchain (fixed) and onchain (variable) components.                        |
| **Pricing Model**       | Dynamic, congestion-based model for base fee.              | Fixed offchain component with a variable onchain part influenced by Ethereum gas prices. |
| **Data Efficiency**     | Publishes full transaction data.                           | Publishes only state deltas, significantly reducing onchain data and costs.              |
| **Resource Allocation** | Each transaction independently consumes gas.               | Transactions share batch overhead, potentially leading to cost optimizations.            |
| **Opcode Pricing**      | Each opcode has a specific gas cost.                       | Most opcodes have similar gas costs, simplifying estimation.                             |
| **Refund Handling**     | Limited refund capabilities.                               | Smarter refund system for unused resources and overpayments.                             |

## Gas Refunds

You may notice that a portion of gas fees are **refunded** for transactions on Abstract. This
is because accounts don’t have access to the `block.baseFee` context variable;
and have no way to know the exact fee to pay for a transaction.

Instead, the following steps occur to refund accounts for any excess funds spent on a transaction:

<Steps>
  <Step title="Block overhead fee deduction">
    Upfront, the block’s processing overhead cost is deducted.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Gas price calculation">
    The gas price for the transaction is then calculated according to the
    [EIP-1559](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-1559.md)
    rules.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Gas price calculation">
    The **maximum** amount of gas (gas limit) for the transaction is deducted from
    the account by having the account typically send `tx.maxFeePerGas *
      tx.gasLimit`. The transaction is then executed (see [transaction
    flow](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow)).
  </Step>

  <Step title="Gas refund">
    Since the account may have overpaid for the transaction (as they are sending the maximum fee possible), the bootloader
    **refunds** the account any excess funds that were not spent on the transaction.
  </Step>
</Steps>

## Transaction Gas Fields

When creating a transaction on Abstract, you can set the `gas_per_pubdata_limit` value
to configure the maximum gas price that can be charged per byte of pubdata (data posted to Ethereum in the form of blobs).
The default value for this parameter is `50000`.

## Calculate Gas Fees

1. **Base Fee Determination**: When a batch opens, Abstract calculates the FAIR\_GAS\_PER\_PUBDATA\_BYTE (EPf):

```
EPf = ⌈(Ef) / (L1_P * L1_PUB)⌉
```

* Ef is the "fair" gas price in ETH
* L1\_P is the price for L1 gas in ETH
* L1\_PUB is the number of L1 gas needed for a single pubdata byte

2. **Overhead Calculation**: For each transaction, Abstract calculates several types of overhead:

The total overhead is the maximum of these:

* Slot overhead (SO)
* Memory overhead (MO)
* Execution overhead (EAO)
* `O(tx) = max(SO, MO(tx), EAO(tx))`

3. **Gas Limit Estimation**: When estimating a transaction, the server returns:

```
tx.gasLimit = tx.actualGasLimit + overhead_gas(tx)
```

4. **Actual Fee Calculation**: The actual fee a user pays is:

```
ActualFee = gasSpent * gasPrice
```

5. **Fair Fee Calculation**: Abstract calculates a "fair fee":

```
FairFee = Ef * tx.computationalGas + EPf * pubdataUsed
```

6. **Refund Calculation**: If the actual fee exceeds the fair fee, a refund is issued:

```
Refund = (ActualFee - FairFee) / Base
```


# Libraries
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/libraries

Learn the differences between Abstract and Ethereum libraries.

The addresses of deployed libraries must be set in the project configuration.
These addresses then replace their placeholders in
IRs: `linkersymbol` in Yul and `PUSHLIB` in EVM legacy assembly.

A library may only be used without deployment if it has been inlined by the optimizer.

<Card title="Compiling non-inlinable libraries" icon="file-contract" href="https://docs.zksync.io/build/tooling/hardhat/compiling-libraries">
  View the ZK Stack docs to learn how to compile non-inlinable libraries.
</Card>


# Nonces
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/nonces

Learn how Abstract differs from Ethereum's nonces.

Unlike Ethereum, where each account has a single nonce that increments every transaction,
accounts on Abstract maintain two different nonces:

1. **Transaction nonce**: Used for transaction validation.
2. **Deployment nonce**: Incremented when a contract is deployed.

In addition, nonces are not restricted to increment once per transaction
like on Ethereum due to Abstract’s [native account abstraction](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/overview).

<Card title="Handling Nonces in Smart Contract Wallets" icon="file-contract" href="/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/handling-nonces">
  Learn how to build smart contract wallets that interact with the NonceHolder
  system contract.
</Card>

There are also other minor differences between Abstract and Ethereum nonce management:

* Newly created contracts begin with a deployment nonce value of `0` (as opposed to `1`).
* The deployment nonce is only incremented if the deployment succeeds
  (as opposed to Ethereum, where the nonce is incremented regardless of the deployment outcome).


# EVM Differences
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/overview

Learn the differences between Abstract and Ethereum.

While Abstract is EVM compatible and you can use familiar development
tools from the Ethereum ecosystem, the bytecode that Abstract’s VM
(the [ZKsync VM](https://docs.zksync.io/build/developer-reference/era-vm)) understands
is different than what Ethereum’s [EVM](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/evm/) understands.

These differences exist to both optimize the VM to perform efficiently with ZK proofs
and to provide more powerful ways for developers to build consumer-facing applications.

When building smart contracts on Abstract, it’s helpful to understand what the differences
are between Abstract and Ethereum, and how best to leverage these differences to
create the best experience for your users.

## Recommended Best Practices

Learn more about best practices for building and deploying smart contracts on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Best practices" icon="shield-heart" href="/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/best-practices">
    Recommended changes to make to your smart contracts when deploying on
    Abstract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Contract deployment" icon="rocket" href="/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment">
    See how contract deployment differs on Abstract compared to Ethereum.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Differences in EVM Instructions

See how Abstract’s VM differs from the EVM’s opcodes and precompiled contracts.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="EVM opcodes" icon="binary" href="/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/evm-opcodes">
    See what opcodes are supported natively or supplemented with system
    contracts.
  </Card>

  <Card title="EVM precompiles" icon="not-equal" href="/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/precompiles">
    See what precompiled smart contracts are supported by Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Other Differences

Learn the nuances of other differences between Abstract and Ethereum.

<CardGroup cols={3}>
  <Card title="Gas fees" icon="gas-pump" href="/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/best-practices">
    Learn how gas fees and gas refunds work with the bootloader on Abstract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Nonces" icon="up" href="/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment">
    Explore how nonces are stored on Abstract’s smart contract accounts.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Libraries" icon="file-import" href="/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment">
    Learn how the compiler handles libraries on Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Precompiles
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/precompiles

Learn how Abstract differs from Ethereum's precompiled smart contracts.

On Ethereum, [precompiled smart contracts](https://www.evm.codes/)
are contracts embedded into the EVM at predetermined addresses
that typically perform computationally expensive operations
that are not already included in EVM opcodes.

Abstract has support for these EVM precompiles and more, however some
have different behavior than on Ethereum.

## CodeOracle

Emulates EVM’s [extcodecopy](https://www.evm.codes/#3c?fork=cancun) opcode.

<Card title="CodeOracle source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/CodeOracle.yul">
  View the source code for the CodeOracle precompile on GitHub.
</Card>

## SHA256

Emulates the EVM’s [sha256](https://www.evm.codes/precompiled#0x02?fork=cancun) precompile.

<Card title="SHA256 source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/SHA256.yul">
  View the source code for the SHA256 precompile on GitHub.
</Card>

## KECCAK256

Emulates the EVM’s [keccak256](https://www.evm.codes/#20?fork=cancun) opcode.

<Card title="KECCAK256 source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/Keccak256.yul">
  View the source code for the KECCAK256 precompile on GitHub.
</Card>

## Elliptic Curve Precompiles

Precompiled smart contracts for elliptic curve operations are required to perform zkSNARK verification.

### EcAdd

Precompile for computing elliptic curve point addition.
The points are represented in affine form, given by a pair of coordinates (x,y).

Emulates the EVM’s [ecadd](https://www.evm.codes/precompiled#0x06?fork=cancun) precompile.

<Card title="EcAdd source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/EcAdd.yul">
  View the source code for the EcAdd precompile on GitHub.
</Card>

### EcMul

Precompile for computing elliptic curve point scalar multiplication.
The points are represented in homogeneous projective coordinates, given by the coordinates (x,y,z).

Emulates the EVM’s [ecmul](https://www.evm.codes/precompiled#0x07?fork=cancun) precompile.

<Card title="EcMul source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/EcMul.yul">
  View the source code for the EcMul precompile on GitHub.
</Card>

### EcPairing

Precompile for computing bilinear pairings on elliptic curve groups.

Emulates the EVM’s [ecpairing](https://www.evm.codes/precompiled#0x08?fork=cancun) precompile.

<Card title="EcPairing source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/EcPairing.yul">
  View the source code for the EcPairing precompile on GitHub.
</Card>

### Ecrecover

Emulates the EVM’s [ecrecover](https://www.evm.codes/precompiled#0x01?fork=cancun) precompile.

<Card title="Ecrecover source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/Ecrecover.yul">
  View the source code for the Ecrecover precompile on GitHub.
</Card>

### P256Verify (secp256r1 / RIP-7212)

The contract that emulates [RIP-7212’s](https://github.com/ethereum/RIPs/blob/master/RIPS/rip-7212.md) P256VERIFY precompile.

This adds a precompiled contract which is similar to [ecrecover](#ecrecover)
to provide signature verifications using the “secp256r1” elliptic curve.

<Card title="P256Verify source code" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/precompiles/P256Verify.yul">
  View the source code for the P256Verify precompile on GitHub.
</Card>


# Handling Nonces
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/handling-nonces

Learn the best practices for handling nonces when building smart contract accounts on Abstract.

As outlined in the [transaction flow](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow), a call to `validateNonceUsage`
is made to the [NonceHolder](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#nonceholder) system contract
before each transaction starts, in order to check whether the provided nonce
of a transaction has already been used or not.

The bootloader enforces that the nonce:

1. Has not already been used before transaction validation begins.
2. The nonce *is* used (typically incremented) during transaction validation.

## Considering nonces in your smart contract account

{/* If you submit a nonce that is greater than the next expected nonce, the transaction will not be executed until each preceding nonce has been used. */}

As mentioned above, you must "use" the nonce in the validation step.
To mark a nonce as used there are two options:

1. Increment the `minNonce`: All nonces less than `minNonce` will become used.
2. Set a non-zero value under the nonce via `setValueUnderNonce`.

A convenience method, `incrementMinNonceIfEquals` is exposed
from the `NonceHolder` system contract. For example, inside of your [smart contract wallet](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets),
you can use it to increment the `minNonce` of your account.

In order to use the [NonceHolder](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#nonceholder) system contract,
the `isSystem` flag must be set to `true` in the transaction, which can be done by using the `SystemContractsCaller` library shown below.
[Learn more about using system contracts](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/using-system-contracts#the-issystem-flag).

```solidity
// Required imports
import "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IAccount.sol";
import {SystemContractsCaller} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/libraries/SystemContractsCaller.sol";
import {NONCE_HOLDER_SYSTEM_CONTRACT, INonceHolder} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/Constants.sol";
import {TransactionHelper} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol";

function validateTransaction(
    bytes32,
    bytes32,
    Transaction calldata _transaction
) external payable onlyBootloader returns (bytes4 magic) {

    // Increment nonce during validation
    SystemContractsCaller.systemCallWithPropagatedRevert(
        uint32(gasleft()),
        address(NONCE_HOLDER_SYSTEM_CONTRACT),
        0,
        abi.encodeCall(
            INonceHolder.incrementMinNonceIfEquals,
            (_transaction.nonce)
        )
    );

    // ... rest of validation logic here

}
```


# Native Account Abstraction
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/overview

Learn how native account abstraction works on Abstract.

## What Are Accounts?

On Ethereum, there are two types of [accounts](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/accounts/):

1. **Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs)**: Controlled by private keys that can sign transactions.
2. **Smart Contract Accounts**: Controlled by the code of a [smart contract](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/smart-contracts/).

By default, Ethereum expects transactions to be signed by the private key of an **EOA**, and expects
the EOA to pay the [gas fees](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/) of their own transactions,
whereas **smart contracts** cannot initiate transactions; they can only be called by EOAs.

This approach has proven to be restrictive as it is an all-or-nothing approach
to account security where the private key holder has full control over the account.
For this reason, Ethereum introduced the concept of [account abstraction](#what-is-account-abstraction),
by adding a second, separate system to run in parallel to the existing protocol to handle smart contract transactions.

## What is Account Abstraction?

Account abstraction allows smart contracts to initiate transactions (instead of just EOAs).

This adds support for **smart contract wallets** that unlock many benefits for users, such as:

* Recovery mechanisms if the private key is lost.
* Spending limits, session keys, and other security features.
* Flexibility in gas payment options, such as gas sponsorship.
* Transaction batching for better UX such as when using ERC-20 tokens.
* Alternative signature validation methods & support for different [ECC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic-curve_cryptography) algorithms.

These features are essential to provide a consumer-friendly experience for users interacting on-chain.

However, since account abstraction was an afterthought on Ethereum, support for smart contract wallets is second-class,
requiring additional complexity for developers to implement into their applications.

In addition, users often aren’t able to bring their smart contract wallets
cross-application due to the lack of support for connecting smart contract wallets.

For these reasons, Abstract implements [native account abstraction](#what-is-native-account-abstraction)
in the protocol, providing first-class support for smart contract wallets.

## What is Native Account Abstraction?

Native account abstraction means **all accounts on Abstract are smart contract accounts** and all
transactions go through the same [transaction lifecycle](/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle),
i.e. there is no parallel system like Ethereum implements.

Native account abstraction means:

* All accounts implement an [IAccount](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets#iaccount-interface)
  standard interface that defines the methods that each smart contract account must implement (at a minimum).

* Users can still use EOA wallets such as [MetaMask](https://metamask.io/), however, these accounts are "converted" to the
  [DefaultAccount](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets#defaultaccount-contract),
  (which implements `IAccount`) during the transaction lifecycle.

* All accounts have native support for [paymasters](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters),
  meaning any account can sponsor the gas fees of another account’s transaction, or pay gas fees in another ERC-20 token instead of ETH.

Native account abstraction makes building and supporting both smart contract wallets & paymasters much easier,
as the protocol understands these concepts natively. Every account (including EOAs)
is a smart contract wallet that follows the same standard interface and transaction lifecycle.

## Start building with Native Account Abstraction

View our [example repositories](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples)
on GitHub to see how to build smart contract wallets and paymasters on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Smart Contract Wallets" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/smart-contract-accounts">
    Build your own smart contract wallet that can initiate transactions.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Paymasters" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/paymasters">
    Create a paymaster contract that can sponsor the gas fees of other accounts.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Paymasters
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters

Learn how paymasters are built following the IPaymaster standard on Abstract.

Paymasters are smart contracts that pay for the gas fees of transactions on behalf of other accounts.

All paymasters must implement the
[IPaymaster](#ipaymaster-interface) interface. As outlined in the [transaction flow](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow),
after the [smart contract wallet](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets) validates and executes the transaction,
it can optionally call `prepareForPaymaster` to delegate the payment of the gas fees to a paymaster set in the transaction,
at which point the paymaster will [validate and pay for the transaction](#validateandpayforpaymastertransaction).

## Get Started with Paymasters

Use our [example repositories](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples)
to quickly get started building paymasters.

<CardGroup cols={1}>
  <Card title="Paymasters Example Repo" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/paymasters">
    Use our example repository to quickly get started building paymasters on
    Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

Or follow our [video tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oolgV2M8ZUI) for a step-by-step guide to building a smart contract wallet.

<Card title="YouTube Video: Build a Paymaster smart contract on Abstract" icon="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oolgV2M8ZUI" />

## IPaymaster Interface

The `IPaymaster` interface defines the mandatory functions that a paymaster must implement to be
compatible with Abstract. [View source code ↗](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/interfaces/IPaymaster.sol).

First, install the [system contracts library](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/using-system-contracts#installing-system-contracts):

<CodeGroup>
  ```bash Hardhat
  npm install @matterlabs/zksync-contracts
  ```

  ```bash Foundry
  forge install matter-labs/era-contracts
  ```
</CodeGroup>

Then, import and implement the `IPaymaster` interface in your smart contract:

```solidity
import {IPaymaster} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IPaymaster.sol";

contract MyPaymaster is IPaymaster {
  // Implement the interface (see docs below)
    // validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction
    // postTransaction
}
```

### validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction

This function is called to perform 2 actions:

1. Validate (determine whether or not to sponsor the gas fees for) the transaction.
2. Pay the gas fee to the bootloader for the transaction. This method must send at least `tx.gasprice * tx.gasLimit`
   to the bootloader. [Learn more about gas fees and gas refunds](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/gas-fees).

To validate (i.e. agree to sponsor the gas fee for) a transaction, this function should
return `magic = PAYMASTER_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC`.
Optionally, you can also provide `context` that is provided to the `postTransaction` function
called after the transaction is executed.

```solidity
function validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction(
    bytes32 _txHash,
    bytes32 _suggestedSignedHash,
    Transaction calldata _transaction
) external payable returns (bytes4 magic, bytes memory context);
```

### postTransaction

This function is optional and is called after the transaction is executed.
There is no guarantee this method will be called if the transaction fails with `out of gas` error.

```solidity
function postTransaction(
    bytes calldata _context,
    Transaction calldata _transaction,
    bytes32 _txHash,
    bytes32 _suggestedSignedHash,
    ExecutionResult _txResult,
    uint256 _maxRefundedGas
) external payable;
```

## Sending Transactions with a Paymaster

Use [EIP-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) formatted transactions to submit transactions with a paymaster set.
You must specify a `customData` object containing a valid `paymasterParams` object.

<Accordion title="View example zksync-ethers script">
  ```typescript
  import { Provider, Wallet } from "zksync-ethers";
  import { getApprovalBasedPaymasterInput, getGeneralPaymasterInput, getPaymasterParams } from "zksync-ethers/build/paymaster-utils";

  // Address of the deployed paymaster contract
  const CONTRACT_ADDRESS = "YOUR-PAYMASTER-CONTRACT-ADDRESS";

  // An example of a script to interact with the contract
  export default async function () {
    const provider = new Provider("https://api.testnet.abs.xyz");
    const wallet = new Wallet(privateKey ?? process.env.WALLET_PRIVATE_KEY!, provider);
    const type = "General"; // We're using a general flow in this example

    // Create the object: You can use the helper functions that are imported!
    const paymasterParams = getPaymasterParams(
      CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
      {
        type,
        innerInput: getGeneralPaymasterInput({
          type,
          innerInput: "0x", // Any additional info to send to the paymaster. We leave it empty here.
        })
      }
    );

    // Submit tx, as an example, send a message to another wallet.
    const tx = await wallet.sendTransaction({
      to: "0x8e729E23CDc8bC21c37a73DA4bA9ebdddA3C8B6d", // Example, send message to some other wallet
      data: "0x1337", // Example, some arbitrary data
      customData: {
        paymasterParams, // Provide the paymaster params object here!
      }
    })

    const res = await tx.wait();
  }
  ```
</Accordion>

## Paymaster Flows

Below are two example flows for paymasters you can use as a reference to build your own paymaster:

1. [General Paymaster Flow](#general-paymaster-flow): Showcases a minimal paymaster that sponsors all transactions.
2. [Approval-Based Paymaster Flow](#approval-based-paymaster-flow): Showcases how users can pay for gas fees with an ERC-20 token.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="General Paymaster Implementation" icon="code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/zksync-contract-templates/blob/main/templates/hardhat/solidity/contracts/paymasters/GeneralPaymaster.sol">
    View the source code for an example general paymaster flow implementation.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Approval Paymaster Implementation" icon="code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/zksync-contract-templates/blob/main/templates/hardhat/solidity/contracts/paymasters/ApprovalPaymaster.sol">
    View the source code for an example approval-based paymaster flow
    implementation.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Smart Contract References

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="IPaymaster interface" icon="code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/interfaces/IPaymaster.sol">
    View the source code for the IPaymaster interface.
  </Card>

  <Card title="TransactionHelper library" icon="code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol">
    View the source code for the TransactionHelper library.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Signature Validation
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/signature-validation

Learn the best practices for signature validation when building smart contract accounts on Abstract.

Since smart contract accounts don’t have a way to validate signatures like an EOA,
it is also recommended that you implement [EIP-1271](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1271)
for your smart contract accounts.
This EIP provides a standardized way for smart contracts to verify whether a signature
is valid for a given message.

## EIP-1271 Specification

EIP-1271 specifies a single function, `isValidSignature`, that can contain any arbitrary logic
to validate a given signature and largely depends on how you have implemented your smart contract account.

```solidity
contract ERC1271 {

  // bytes4(keccak256("isValidSignature(bytes32,bytes)"))
  bytes4 constant internal MAGICVALUE = 0x1626ba7e;

  /**
   * @dev Should return whether the signature provided is valid for the provided hash
   * @param _hash      Hash of the data to be signed
   * @param _signature Signature byte array associated with _hash
   *
   * MUST return the bytes4 magic value 0x1626ba7e when function passes.
   * MUST NOT modify state (using STATICCALL for solc < 0.5, view modifier for solc > 0.5)
   * MUST allow external calls
   */ 
  function isValidSignature(
    bytes32 _hash, 
    bytes memory _signature)
    public
    view 
    returns (bytes4 magicValue);
}
```

### OpenZeppelin Implementation

OpenZeppelin provides a way to verify signatures for different account implementations that
you can use in your smart contract account.

Install the OpenZeppelin contracts library:

```bash
npm install @openzeppelin/contracts
```

Implement the `isValidSignature` function in your smart contract account:

```solidity
import {IAccount, ACCOUNT_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC} from "./interfaces/IAccount.sol";
import { SignatureChecker } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/cryptography/SignatureChecker.sol";

contract MyAccount is IAccount {
    using SignatureChecker for address;

    function isValidSignature(
        address _address,
        bytes32 _hash,
        bytes memory _signature
    ) public pure returns (bool) {
        return _address.isValidSignatureNow(_hash, _signature);
    }
}
```

## Verifying Signatures

On the client, you can use [zksync-ethers](/build-on-abstract/applications/ethers) to
verify signatures for your smart contract account using either:

* `isMessageSignatureCorrect` for verifying a message signature.
* `isTypedDataSignatureCorrect` for verifying a typed data signature.

```typescript
export async function isMessageSignatureCorrect(address: string, message: ethers.Bytes | string, signature: SignatureLike): Promise<boolean>;

export async function isTypedDataSignatureCorrect(
  address: string,
  domain: TypedDataDomain,
  types: Record<string, Array<TypedDataField>>,
  value: Record<string, any>,
  signature: SignatureLike
): Promise<boolean>;
```

Both of these methods return true or false depending on whether the message signature is correct.
Currently, these methods only support verifying ECDSA signatures, but will soon also
support EIP-1271 signature verification.


# Smart Contract Wallets
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets

Learn how smart contract wallets are built following the IAccount standard on Abstract.

On Abstract, all accounts are smart contracts that implement the
[IAccount](#iaccount-interface) interface. As outlined in the [transaction flow](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow),
the bootloader calls the functions of the smart contract account deployed at the `tx.from` address for
each transaction that it processes.

Abstract maintains compatibility with popular EOA wallets from the Ethereum ecosystem (e.g. MetaMask) by
converting them to the [DefaultAccount](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets#defaultaccount-contract) system contract during the transaction flow.
This contract acts as you would expect an EOA to act, with the added benefit of supporting paymasters.

## Get Started with Smart Contract Wallets

Use our [example repositories](https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples)
to quickly get started building smart contract wallets.

<CardGroup cols={3}>
  <Card title="Smart Contract Wallets (Ethers)" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/smart-contract-accounts" />

  <Card title="Smart Contract Wallet Factory" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/smart-contract-account-factory" />

  <Card title="Smart Contract Wallets (Viem)" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples/tree/main/smart-contract-accounts-viem" />
</CardGroup>

Or follow our [video tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFReCajqpNA) for a step-by-step guide to building a smart contract wallet.

<Card title="YouTube Video: Build a Smart Contract Wallet on Abstract" icon="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFReCajqpNA" />

## IAccount Interface

The `IAccount` interface defines the mandatory functions that a smart contract account must implement to be
compatible with Abstract. [View source code ↗](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/interfaces/IAccount.sol).

First, install the [system contracts library](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/using-system-contracts#installing-system-contracts):

<CodeGroup>
  ```bash Hardhat
  npm install @matterlabs/zksync-contracts
  ```

  ```bash Foundry
  forge install matter-labs/era-contracts
  ```
</CodeGroup>

<Note>
  Ensure you have the `isSystem` flag set to `true` in your config:
  [Hardhat](/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/hardhat#using-system-contracts) ‧
  [Foundry](/build-on-abstract/smart-contracts/foundry#3-modify-foundry-configuration)
</Note>

Then, import and implement the `IAccount` interface in your smart contract:

```solidity
import {IAccount} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IAccount.sol";

contract SmartAccount is IAccount {
  // Implement the interface (see docs below)
    // validateTransaction
    // executeTransaction
    // executeTransactionFromOutside
    // payForTransaction
    // prepareForPaymaster
}
```

See the [DefaultAccount contract](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/DefaultAccount.sol)
for an example implementation.

<Card title="Using system contracts" icon="file-contract" href="/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/using-system-contracts#installing-system-contracts">
  Learn more about how to use system contracts in Solidity.
</Card>

### validateTransaction

This function is called to determine whether or not the transaction should be executed (i.e. it validates the transaction).
Typically, you would perform some kind of check in this step to restrict who can use the account. This function must:

1. Increment the nonce for the account. See [handling nonces](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/handling-nonces) for more information.
2. Return `magic = ACCOUNT_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC` if the transaction is valid and should be executed.
3. Should only be called by the bootloader contract (e.g. using an `onlyBootloader` modifier).

```solidity
function validateTransaction(
    bytes32 _txHash,
    bytes32 _suggestedSignedHash,
    Transaction calldata _transaction
) external payable returns (bytes4 magic);
```

### executeTransaction

This function is called if the validation step
returned the `ACCOUNT_VALIDATION_SUCCESS_MAGIC` value. Consider:

1. Using the [EfficientCall](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/EfficientCall.sol)
   library for executing transactions efficiently using zkEVM-specific features.
2. Consider that the transaction may involve a contract deployment, in which case you should
   use the [ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer)
   system contract with the `isSystemCall` flag set to true.
3. Should only be called by the bootloader contract (e.g. using an `onlyBootloader` modifier).

```solidity
function executeTransaction(
    bytes32 _txHash,
    bytes32 _suggestedSignedHash,
    Transaction calldata _transaction
) external payable;
```

### executeTransactionFromOutside

This function should be used to initiate a transaction from the smart contract wallet by an external call.
Accounts can implement this method to initiate a transaction on behalf of the account via L1 -> L2 communication.

```solidity
function executeTransactionFromOutside(
    Transaction calldata _transaction
) external payable;
```

### payForTransaction

This function is called to pay the bootloader for the gas fee of the transaction.
It should only be called by the bootloader contract (e.g. using an `onlyBootloader` modifier).

For convenience, there is a `_transaction.payToTheBootloader()` function that can be used
to pay the bootloader for the gas fee.

```solidity
function payForTransaction(
    bytes32 _txHash,
    bytes32 _suggestedSignedHash,
    Transaction calldata _transaction
) external payable;
```

### prepareForPaymaster

Alternatively to `payForTransaction`, if the transaction has a paymaster set,
you can use `prepareForPaymaster` to ask the paymaster to sponsor the gas fee for the transaction.
It should only be called by the bootloader contract (e.g. using an `onlyBootloader` modifier).

For convenience, there is a `_transaction.processPaymasterInput()` function that can be used to prepare the
transaction for the paymaster.

```solidity
function prepareForPaymaster(
    bytes32 _txHash,
    bytes32 _possibleSignedHash,
    Transaction calldata _transaction
) external payable;
```

## Deploying a Smart Contract Wallet

The [ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer) system contract has separate functions
for deploying smart contract wallets: `createAccount` and `create2Account`.

Differentiate deploying an account contract from deploying a regular contract by providing either of these function names
when initializing a contract factory.

<Accordion title="View example zksync-ethers script">
  ```typescript
  import { ContractFactory } from "zksync-ethers";

  const contractFactory = new ContractFactory(
    abi,
    bytecode,
    initiator,
    "createAccount" // Provide the fourth argument as "createAccount" or "create2Account"
  );
  const aa = await contractFactory.deploy();
  await aa.deployed();
  ```
</Accordion>

## Sending Transactions from a Smart Contract Wallet

Use [EIP-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) formatted transactions to submit transactions from a smart contract wallet.
You must specify:

1. The `from` field as the address of the deployed smart contract wallet.
2. Provide a `customData` object containing a `customSignature` that is not an empty string.

<Accordion title="View example zksync-ethers script">
  ```typescript
  import { VoidSigner } from "ethers";
  import { Provider, utils } from "zksync-ethers";
  import { serializeEip712 } from "zksync-ethers/build/utils";

  // Here we are just creating a transaction object that we want to send to the network.
  // This is just an example to populate fields like gas estimation, nonce calculation, etc.
  const transactionGenerator = new VoidSigner(getWallet().address, getProvider());
  const transactionFields = await transactionGenerator.populateTransaction({
    to: "0x8e729E23CDc8bC21c37a73DA4bA9ebdddA3C8B6d", // As an example, send money to another wallet
  });

  // Now: Serialize an EIP-712 transaction
  const serializedTx = serializeEip712({
    ...transactionFields,
    nonce: 0,
    from: "YOUR-SMART-CONTRACT-WALLET-CONTRACT-ADDRESS", // Your smart contract wallet address goes here
    customData: {
      customSignature: "0x1337", // Your custom signature goes here
    },
  });

  // Broadcast the transaction to the network via JSON-RPC
  const sentTx = await new Provider(
    "https://api.testnet.abs.xyz"
  ).broadcastTransaction(serializedTx);
  const resp = await sentTx.wait();
  ```
</Accordion>

## DefaultAccount Contract

The `DefaultAccount` contract is a system contract that mimics the behavior of an EOA.
The bytecode of the contract is set by default for all addresses for which no other bytecodes are deployed.

<Card title="DefaultAccount system contract" icon="code" href="/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#defaultaccount">
  Learn more about the DefaultAccount system contract and how it works.
</Card>

## Smart Contract References

<CardGroup cols={3}>
  <Card title="IAccount interface" icon="code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/interfaces/IAccount.sol">
    View the source code for the IAccount interface.
  </Card>

  <Card title="DefaultAccount contract" icon="code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/DefaultAccount.sol">
    View the source code for the DefaultAccount contract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="TransactionHelper library" icon="code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol">
    View the source code for the TransactionHelper library.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Transaction Flow
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow

Learn how Abstract processes transactions step-by-step using native account abstraction.

*Note: This page outlines the flow of transactions on Abstract, not including how they are batched,
sequenced and verified on Ethereum. For a higher-level overview of how transactions are finalized, see
[Transaction Lifecycle](/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle).*

Since all accounts on Abstract are smart contracts, all transactions go through the same flow:

<Steps>
  <Step title="Submitting transactions">
    Transactions are submitted to the network via [JSON-RPC](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/apis/json-rpc/)
    and arrive in the transaction mempool. Since it is up to the smart contract account to determine how to validate transactions,
    the `from` field can be set to a smart contract address in this step and submitted to the network.
  </Step>

  <Step title="Bootloader processing">
    The [bootloader](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader) reads transactions from the mempool
    and processes them in batches.

    Before each transaction starts, the system queries the [NonceHolder](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#nonceholder) system contract
    to check whether the provided nonce has already been used or not. If it has not been used, the process continues.
    Learn more on [handling nonces](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/handling-nonces).

    For each transaction, the bootloader reads the `tx.from` field and checks if there is any contract code deployed at that address.
    If there is no contract code, it assumes the sender account is an EOA and converts it to a
    [DefaultAccount](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets#defaultaccount-contract).

    <Card title="Bootloader system contract" icon="boot" href="/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader">
      Learn more about the bootloader system contract and its role in processing transactions.
    </Card>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Smart contract account validation & execution">
    The bootloader then calls the following functions on the account deployed at the `tx.from` address:

    1. `validateTransaction`: Determine whether or not to execute the transaction.
       Typically, some kind of checks are performed in this step to restrict who can use the account.
    2. `executeTransaction`: Execute the transaction if validation is passed.
    3. Either `payForTransaction` or `prepareForPaymaster`: Pay the gas fee or request a paymaster to pay the gas fee for this transaction.

    The `msg.sender` is set as the bootloader’s contract address for these function calls.

    <Card title="Smart contract wallets" icon="wallet" href="/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets">
      Learn more about how smart contract wallets work and how to build one.
    </Card>
  </Step>

  <Step title="Paymasters (optional)">
    If a paymaster is set, the bootloader calls the following [paymaster](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters) functions:

    1. `validateAndPayForPaymasterTransaction`: Determine whether or not to pay for the transaction, and if so, pay the calculated gas fee for the transaction.
    2. `postTransaction`: Optionally run some logic after the transaction has been executed.

    The `msg.sender` is set as the bootloader’s contract address for these function calls.

    <Card title="Paymasters" icon="sack-dollar" href="/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/paymasters">
      Learn more about how paymasters work and how to build one.
    </Card>
  </Step>
</Steps>


# Bootloader
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader

Learn more about the Bootloader that processes all transactions on Abstract.

The bootloader system contract plays several vital roles on Abstract, responsible for:

* Validating all transactions
* Executing all transactions
* Constructing new blocks for the L2

The bootloader processes transactions in batches that it
receives from the [VM](https://docs.zksync.io/build/developer-reference/era-vm) and puts
them all through the flow outlined in the
[transaction flow](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow) section.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="View the source code for the bootloader" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/bootloader/bootloader.yul">
    View the source code for each system contract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="ZK Stack Docs - Bootloader" icon="file-contract" href="https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack/components/zksync-evm/bootloader#bootloader">
    View in-depth documentation on the Bootloader.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Bootloader Execution Flow

1. As the bootloader receives batches of transactions from the VM, it sends the information
   about the current batch to the [SystemContext system contract](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#systemcontext)
   before processing each transaction.

2. As each transaction is processed, it goes through the flow outlined
   in the [gas fees](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/gas-fees) section.

3. At the end of each batch, the bootloader informs the [L1Messenger system contract](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#l1messenger)
   for it to begin sending data to Ethereum about the transactions that were processed.

## BootloaderUtilities System Contract

In addition to the bootloader itself, there is an additional
[BootloaderUtilities system contract](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/BootloaderUtilities.sol)
that provides utility functions for the bootloader to use.

This separation is simply because the bootloader itself is written in [Yul](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/bootloader/bootloader.yul)
whereas the utility functions are written in Solidity.


# List of System Contracts
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts

Explore all of the system contracts that Abstract implements.

## AccountCodeStorage

The `AccountCodeStorage` contract is responsible for storing the code hashes of accounts for retrieval
whenever the VM accesses an `address`.

The address is looked up in the `AccountCodeStorage` contract, if the associated value is non-zero (i.e. the address has code stored), this code hash
is used by the VM for the account.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008002`

<Card title="View the source code for AccountCodeStorage" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/AccountCodeStorage.sol" icon="github">
  View the AccountCodeStorage source code on Github.
</Card>

## BootloaderUtilities

Learn more about the bootloader and this system contract in the
[bootloader](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader) section.

**Contract Address:** `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000800c`

<Card title="View the source code for BootloaderUtilities" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/BootloaderUtilities.sol" icon="github">
  View the BootloaderUtilities source code on Github.
</Card>

## ComplexUpgrader

This contract is used to perform complex multi-step upgrades on the L2.
It contains a single function, `upgrade`, which executes an upgrade of the L2
by delegating calls to another contract.

**Contract Address:** `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000800f`

<Card title="View the source code for ComplexUpgrader" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/ComplexUpgrader.sol" icon="github">
  View the ComplexUpgrader source code on Github.
</Card>

## Compressor

This contract is used to compress the data that is published to the L1, specifically, it:

* Compresses the deployed smart contract bytecodes.
* Compresses the state diffs (and validates state diff compression).

**Contract Address:** `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000800e`

<Card title="View the source code for Compressor" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/Compressor.sol" icon="github">
  View the Compressor source code on Github.
</Card>

## Constants

This contract contains helpful constant values that are used throughout the system
and can be used in your own smart contracts. It includes:

* Addresses for all system contracts.
* Values for other system constants such as `MAX_NUMBER_OF_BLOBS`, `CREATE2_PREFIX`, etc.

<Card title="View the source code for Constants" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/Constants.sol" icon="github">
  View the Constants source code on Github.
</Card>

## ContractDeployer

This contract is responsible for deploying smart contracts on Abstract as well as
generating the address of the deployed contract.
Before deployment, it ensures the code hash of the smart contract is known using the
[KnownCodesStorage](#knowncodesstorage) system contract.

See the [contract deployment](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment) section
for more details.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008006`

<Card title="View the source code for ContractDeployer" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/ContractDeployer.sol" icon="github">
  View the ContractDeployer source code on Github.
</Card>

## Create2Factory

This contract can be used for deterministic contract deployment, i.e.
deploying a smart contract with the ability to predict the address of the deployed contract.

It contains two functions, `create2` and `create2Account`, which both
call a third function, `_relayCall` that relays the calldata to the
[ContractDeployer](#contractdeployer) contract.

You do not need to use this system contract directly, instead use [ContractDeployer](#contractdeployer).

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000010000`

<Card title="View the source code for Create2Factory" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/Create2Factory.sol" icon="github">
  View the Create2Factory source code on Github.
</Card>

## DefaultAccount

This contract is built to simulate the behavior of an EOA (Externally Owned Account) on the L2.
It is intended to act the same as an EOA would on Ethereum, enabling Abstract to support EOA wallets,
despite all accounts on Abstract being smart contracts.

As outlined in the [transaction flow](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/transaction-flow) section,
the `DefaultAccount` contract is used when the sender of a transaction is looked up and
no code is found for the address; indicating that the address of the sender is an EOA as opposed to
a [smart contract wallet](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/smart-contract-wallets).

<Card title="View the source code for DefaultAccount" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/DefaultAccount.sol" icon="github">
  View the DefaultAccount source code on Github.
</Card>

## EmptyContract

Some contracts need no other code other than to return a success value.
An example of such an address is the `0` address. In addition, the
[bootloader](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader) also needs to be
callable so that users can transfer ETH to it.

For these contracts, the EmptyContract code is inserted upon <Tooltip tip="The first block of the blockchain">Genesis</Tooltip>.
It is essentially a noop code, which does nothing and returns `success=1`.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000`

<Card title="View the source code for EmptyContract" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/EmptyContract.sol" icon="github">
  View the EmptyContract source code on Github.
</Card>

## EventWriter

This contract is responsible for [emitting events](https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/contracts.html#events).
It is not required to interact with this smart contract, the
standard Solidity `emit` keyword can be used.

**Contract Address:** `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000800d`

<Card title="View the source code for EventWriter" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/EventWriter.yul" icon="github">
  View the EventWriter source code on Github.
</Card>

## ImmutableSimulator

This contract simulates the behavior of immutable variables in Solidity. It exists so that
smart contracts with the same Solidity code but different constructor parameters have the same bytecode.

It is not required to interact with this smart contract directly,
as it is used via the compiler.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008005`

<Card title="View the source code for ImmutableSimulator" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/ImmutableSimulator.sol" icon="github">
  View the ImmutableSimulator source code on Github.
</Card>

## KnownCodesStorage

Since Abstract stores the code hashes of smart contracts and not the code itself
(see [contract deployment](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment)), the system must ensure that
it knows and stores the code hash of all smart contracts that are deployed.

The [ContractDeployer](#contractdeployer) checks this `KnownCodesStorage` contract to see if the
code hash of a smart contract is known before deploying it. If it is not known,
the contract will not be deployed and revert with an error `The code hash is not known`.

<Accordion title={`Why am I getting "the code hash is not known" error?`}>
  Likely, you are trying to deploy a smart contract without using the
  [ContractDeployer](#contractdeployer) system contract.

  See the [contract deployment section](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment) for more details.
</Accordion>

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008004`

<Card title="View the source code for KnownCodesStorage" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/KnownCodesStorage.sol" icon="github">
  View the KnownCodesStorage source code on Github.
</Card>

## L1Messenger

This contract is used for sending messages from Abstract to Ethereum.
It is used by the [KnownCodesStorage](#knowncodesstorage) contract to publish the
code hash of smart contracts to Ethereum.

Learn more about what data is sent in the [contract deployment section](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/contract-deployment) section.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008008`

<Card title="View the source code for L1Messenger" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/L1Messenger.sol" icon="github">
  View the L1Messenger source code on Github.
</Card>

## L2BaseToken

This contract holds the balances of ETH for all accounts on the L2 and updates them
whenever other system contracts such as the [Bootloader](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader),
[ContractDeployer](#contractdeployer), or [MsgValueSimulator](#msgvaluesimulator) perform
balance changes while simulating the `msg.value` behavior of Ethereum.

This is because the L2 does not have a set "native" token unlike Ethereum,
so functions such as `transferFromTo`, `balanceOf`, `mint`, `withdraw`, etc. are
implemented in this contract as if it were an ERC-20.

**Contract Address:** `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000800a`

<Card title="View the source code for L2BaseToken" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/L2BaseToken.sol" icon="github">
  View the L2BaseToken source code on Github.
</Card>

## MsgValueSimulator

This contract calls the [L2BaseToken](#l2basetoken) contract’s `transferFromTo` function to
simulate the `msg.value` behavior of Ethereum.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008009`

<Card title="View the source code for MsgValueSimulator" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/MsgValueSimulator.sol" icon="github">
  View the MsgValueSimulator source code on Github.
</Card>

## NonceHolder

This contract stores the nonce for each account on the L2. More specifically, it stores both
the deployment nonce for each account and the transaction nonce for each account.

Before each transaction starts, the bootloader uses the `NonceHolder` to ensure
that the provided nonce for the transaction has not already been used by the sender.

During the [transaction validation](/how-abstract-works/native-account-abstraction/handling-nonces#considering-nonces-in-your-smart-contract-account),
it also enforces that the nonce *is* set as used before the transaction execution begins.

See more details in the [nonces](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/nonces) section.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008003`

<Card title="View the source code for NonceHolder" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/NonceHolder.sol" icon="github">
  View the NonceHolder source code on Github.
</Card>

## PubdataChunkPublisher

This contract is responsible for creating [EIP-4844 blobs](https://www.eip4844.com/) and
publishing them to Ethereum. Learn more in the
[transaction lifecycle](/how-abstract-works/architecture/transaction-lifecycle) section.

**Contract Address:** `0x0000000000000000000000000000000000008011`

<Card title="View the source code for PubdataChunkPublisher" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/PubdataChunkPublisher.sol" icon="github">
  View the PubdataChunkPublisher source code on Github.
</Card>

## SystemContext

This contract is used to store and provide various system parameters not included in the VM by default,
such as block-scoped, transaction-scoped, or system-wide parameters.

For example, variables such as `chainId`, `gasPrice`, `baseFee`, as well as system functions
such as `setL2Block` and `setNewBatch` are stored in this contract.

**Contract Address:** `0x000000000000000000000000000000000000800b`

<Card title="View the source code for SystemContext" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/SystemContext.sol" icon="github">
  View the SystemContext source code on Github.
</Card>


# System Contracts
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/overview

Learn how Abstract implements system contracts with special privileges to support some EVM opcodes.

Abstract has a set of smart contracts with
special privileges that were deployed in the <Tooltip tip="The first block of the blockchain">Genesis block</Tooltip>
called **system contracts**. These system contracts are built to provide support
for [EVM opcodes](https://www.evm.codes/) that are not natively supported by the ZK-EVM that Abstract uses.

These system contracts are located in a special kernel space
*(i.e. in the address space in range `[0..2^16-1]`)*, and
they can only be changed via a system upgrade through Ethereum.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="View all system contracts" icon="github" href="/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts">
    View the file containing the addresses of all system contracts.
  </Card>

  <Card title="View the source code for system contracts" icon="github" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts">
    View the source code for each system contract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Using System Contracts
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/using-system-contracts

Understand how to best use system contracts on Abstract.

When building smart contracts on Abstract, you often need to interact directly with **system contracts**
to perform operations, such as:

* Deploying smart contracts with the [ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer).
* Paying gas fees to the [Bootloader](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/bootloader).
* Using nonces via the [NonceHolder](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#nonceholder).

## Installing system contracts

To use system contracts into your smart contracts, install the
[@matterlabs/zksync-contracts](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@matterlabs/zksync-contracts) package.

forge install matter-labs/era-contracts

<CodeGroup>
  ```bash Hardhat
  npm install @matterlabs/zksync-contracts
  ```

  ```bash Foundry
  forge install matter-labs/era-contracts
  ```
</CodeGroup>

Then, import the system contracts into your smart contract:

```solidity
// Example imports:
import "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/interfaces/IAccount.sol";
import { TransactionHelper } from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol";
import { BOOTLOADER_FORMAL_ADDRESS } from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/Constants.sol";
```

## Available System Contract Helper Libraries

A set of libraries also exist alongside the system contracts to help you interact with them more easily.

| Name                                                                                                                                               | Description                                                                                               |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| [EfficientCall.sol](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/EfficientCall.sol)                 | Perform ultra-efficient calls using zkEVM-specific features.                                              |
| [RLPEncoder.sol](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/RLPEncoder.sol)                       | Recursive-length prefix (RLP) encoding functionality.                                                     |
| [SystemContractHelper.sol](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/SystemContractHelper.sol)   | Library used for accessing zkEVM-specific opcodes, needed for the development of system contracts.        |
| [SystemContractsCaller.sol](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/SystemContractsCaller.sol) | Allows calling contracts with the `isSystem` flag. It is needed to call ContractDeployer and NonceHolder. |
| [TransactionHelper.sol](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol)         | Used to help custom smart contract accounts to work with common methods for the Transaction type.         |
| [UnsafeBytesCalldata.sol](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/UnsafeBytesCalldata.sol)     | Provides a set of functions that help read data from calldata bytes.                                      |
| [Utils.sol](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/Utils.sol)                                 | Common utilities used in Abstract system contracts.                                                       |

<Card title="System contract libraries source code" href="https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/tree/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries" icon="github">
  View all the source code for the system contract libraries.
</Card>

## The isSystem Flag

Each transaction can contain an `isSystem` flag that indicates whether the transaction
intends to use a system contract’s functionality. Specifically, this flag needs to be true
when interacting with the [ContractDeployer](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#contractdeployer)
or the [NonceHolder](/how-abstract-works/system-contracts/list-of-system-contracts#nonceholder) system contracts.

To make a call with this flag, use the [SystemContractsCaller](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-contracts/blob/main/system-contracts/contracts/libraries/SystemContractsCaller.sol)
library, which exposes functions like `systemCall`, `systemCallWithPropagatedRevert`, and `systemCallWithReturndata`.

<Accordion title="Example transaction using the isSystem flag">
  ```solidity
  import {SystemContractsCaller} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/libraries/SystemContractsCaller.sol";
  import {NONCE_HOLDER_SYSTEM_CONTRACT, INonceHolder} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/Constants.sol";
  import {TransactionHelper} from "@matterlabs/zksync-contracts/l2/system-contracts/libraries/TransactionHelper.sol";

  function validateTransaction(
      bytes32,
      bytes32,
      Transaction calldata _transaction
  ) external payable onlyBootloader returns (bytes4 magic) {

      // Increment nonce during validation
      SystemContractsCaller.systemCallWithPropagatedRevert(
          uint32(gasleft()),
          address(NONCE_HOLDER_SYSTEM_CONTRACT),
          0,
          abi.encodeCall(
              INonceHolder.incrementMinNonceIfEquals,
              (_transaction.nonce)
          )
      );

      // ... rest of validation logic here

  }
  ```
</Accordion>

### Configuring Hardhat & Foundry to use isSystem

You can also enable the `isSystem` flag for your smart contract development environment.

#### Hardhat

Add `enableEraVMExtensions: true` within the `settings` object of the `zksolc` object in the `hardhat.config.js` file.

<Accordion title="View Hardhat configuration">
  ```typescript
  import { HardhatUserConfig } from "hardhat/config";
  import "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync";

  const config: HardhatUserConfig = {
  zksolc: {
  version: "latest",
  settings: {
  // This is the current name of the "isSystem" flag
  enableEraVMExtensions: true, // Note: NonceHolder and the ContractDeployer system contracts can only be called with a special isSystem flag as true
  },
  },
  defaultNetwork: "abstractTestnet",
  networks: {
  abstractTestnet: {
  url: "https://api.testnet.abs.xyz",
  ethNetwork: "sepolia",
  zksync: true,
  verifyURL: 'https://api-explorer-verify.testnet.abs.xyz/contract_verification',
  },
  },
  solidity: {
  version: "0.8.24",
  },
  };

  export default config;
  ```
</Accordion>

#### Foundry

Add the `is_system = true` flag to the `foundry.toml` configuration file.

<Accordion title="View Foundry configuration">
  ```toml
  [profile.default]
  src = 'src'
  libs = ['lib']
  fallback_oz = true
  is_system = true # Note: NonceHolder and the ContractDeployer system contracts can only be called with a special isSystem flag as true
  mode = "3"
  ```
</Accordion>


# Components
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/infrastructure/nodes/components

Learn the components of an Abstract node and how they work together.

This section contains an overview of the Abstract node's main components.

## API

The Abstract node can serve both the HTTP and the WS Web3 API, as well as PubSub.
Whenever possible, it provides data based on the local state, with a few exceptions:

* Submitting transactions: Since it is a read replica,
  submitted transactions are proxied to the main node,
  and the response is returned from the main node.
* Querying transactions: The Abstract node is not aware of the main node's mempool,
  and it does not sync rejected transactions.
  Therefore, if a local lookup for a transaction or its receipt fails,
  the Abstract node will attempt the same query on the main node.

Apart from these cases, the API does not depend on the main node.
Even if the main node is temporarily unavailable, the Abstract node can continue to serve the state it has locally.

## Fetcher

The Fetcher component is responsible for maintaining synchronization between the Abstract node and the main node.
Its primary task is to fetch new blocks in order to update the local chain state.
However, its responsibilities extend beyond that.
For instance, the Fetcher is also responsible for keeping track of L1 batch statuses.
This involves monitoring whether locally applied batches have been committed, proven, or executed on L1.

It is worth noting that in addition to fetching the *state*, the Abstract node also retrieves the L1 gas price from the main node
for the purpose of estimating fees for L2 transactions (since this also happens based on the local state).
This information is necessary to ensure that gas estimations are performed in the exact same manner as the main node,
thereby reducing the chances of a transaction not being included in a block.

## State Keeper / VM

The State Keeper component serves as the "sequencer" part of the node.
It shares most of its functionality with the main node, with one key distinction.
The main node retrieves transactions from the mempool and has the authority to decide when a specific L2 block or L1 batch should be sealed.
On the other hand, the Abstract node retrieves transactions from the queue populated by the Fetcher and seals the corresponding blocks/batches
based on the data obtained from the Fetcher queue.

The actual execution of batches takes place within the VM, which is identical in any Abstract node.

## Reorg Detector

In Abstract, it is theoretically possible for L1 batches to be reverted before the corresponding "execute" operation
is applied on L1, that is before the block is [final](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack/concepts/finality).
Such situations are highly uncommon and typically occur due to significant issues:
e.g. a bug in the sequencer implementation preventing L1 batch commitment.
Prior to batch finality, the Abstract operator can perform a rollback,
reverting one or more batches and restoring the blockchain state to a previous point.
Finalized batches cannot be reverted at all.

However, even though such situations are rare, the Abstract node must handle them correctly.

To address this, the Abstract node incorporates a Reorg Detector component.
This module keeps track of all L1 batches that have not yet been finalized.
It compares the locally obtained state root hashes with those provided by the main node's API.
If the root hashes for the latest available L1 batch do not match,
the Reorg Detector searches for the specific L1 batch responsible for the divergence.
Subsequently, it rolls back the local state and restarts the node.
Upon restart, the Abstract node resumes normal operation.

## Consistency Checker

The main node API serves as the primary source of information for the Abstract node.
However, relying solely on the API may not provide sufficient security since the API data could potentially be incorrect due to various reasons.
The primary source of truth for the rollup system is the L1 smart contract.
Therefore, to enhance the security of the EN, each L1 batch undergoes cross-checking against
the L1 smart contract by a component called the Consistency Checker.

When the Consistency Checker detects that a particular batch has been sent to L1,
it recalculates a portion of the input known as the "block commitment" for the L1 transaction.
The block commitment contains crucial data such as the state root and batch number,
and is the same commitment that is used for generating a proof for the batch.
The Consistency Checker then compares the locally obtained commitment with the actual commitment sent to L1.
If the data does not match, it indicates a potential bug in either the main node
or Abstract node implementation or that the main node API has provided incorrect data.
In either case, the state of the Abstract node cannot be trusted, and the Abstract node enters a crash loop until the issue is resolved.

## Health check server

The Abstract node also exposes an additional server that returns HTTP 200 response when the Abstract node is operating normally,
and HTTP 503 response when some of the health checks don't pass (e.g. when the Abstract node is not fully initialized yet).
This server can be used, for example, to implement the readiness probe in an orchestration solution you use.


# Introduction
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/infrastructure/nodes/introduction

Learn how Abstract Nodes work at a high level.

This documentation explains the basics of the Abstract node. The contents of this section were heavily inspired from [zkSync's node running docs](https://docs.zksync.io/zksync-node).

## Disclaimers

* The Abstract node software is provided "as-is" without any express or implied warranties.
* The Abstract node is in the beta phase, and should be used with caution.
* The Abstract node is a read-only replica of the main node.
* The Abstract node is not going to be the consensus node.
* Running a sequencer node is currently not possible and there is no option to vote on blocks as part of the consensus mechanism
  or [fork-choice](https://eth2book.info/capella/part3/forkchoice/#whats-a-fork-choice) like on Ethereum.

## What is the Abstract Node?

The Abstract node is a read-replica of the main (centralized) node that can be run by anyone. It
functions by fetching data from the Abstract API and re-applying transactions locally, starting from the genesis block.
The Abstract node shares most of its codebase with the main node. Consequently, when it re-applies transactions, it does
so exactly as the main node did in the past.

In Ethereum terms, the current state of the Abstract Node represents an archive node, providing access to the entire history of the blockchain.

## High-level Overview

At a high level, the Abstract Node can be seen as an application that has the following modules:

* API server that provides the publicly available Web3 interface.
* Synchronization layer that interacts with the main node and retrieves transactions and blocks to re-execute.
* Sequencer component that actually executes and persists transactions received from the synchronization layer.
* Several checker modules that ensure the consistency of the Abstract Node state.

With the Abstract Node, you are able to:

* Locally recreate and verify the Abstract mainnet/testnet state.
* Interact with the recreated state in a trustless way (in a sense that the validity is locally verified, and you should
  not rely on a third-party API Abstract provides).
* Use the Web3 API without having to query the main node.
* Send L2 transactions (that will be proxied to the main node).

With the Abstract Node, you *can not*:

* Create L2 blocks or L1 batches on your own.
* Generate proofs.
* Submit data to L1.

A more detailed overview of the Abstract Node's components is provided in the components section.

## API Overview

API exposed by the Abstract Node strives to be Web3-compliant.
If some method is exposed but behaves differently compared to
Ethereum, it should be considered a bug.
Please [report](https://zksync.io/contact) such cases.

### `eth_` Namespace

Data getters in this namespace operate in the L2 space: require/return L2 block numbers, check balances in L2, etc.

Available methods:

| Method                                    | Notes                                                                     |
| ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `eth_blockNumber`                         |                                                                           |
| `eth_chainId`                             |                                                                           |
| `eth_call`                                |                                                                           |
| `eth_estimateGas`                         |                                                                           |
| `eth_gasPrice`                            |                                                                           |
| `eth_newFilter`                           | Maximum amount of installed filters is configurable                       |
| `eth_newBlockFilter`                      | Same as above                                                             |
| `eth_newPendingTransactionsFilter`        | Same as above                                                             |
| `eth_uninstallFilter`                     |                                                                           |
| `eth_getLogs`                             | Maximum amount of returned entities can be configured                     |
| `eth_getFilterLogs`                       | Same as above                                                             |
| `eth_getFilterChanges`                    | Same as above                                                             |
| `eth_getBalance`                          |                                                                           |
| `eth_getBlockByNumber`                    |                                                                           |
| `eth_getBlockByHash`                      |                                                                           |
| `eth_getBlockTransactionCountByNumber`    |                                                                           |
| `eth_getBlockTransactionCountByHash`      |                                                                           |
| `eth_getCode`                             |                                                                           |
| `eth_getStorageAt`                        |                                                                           |
| `eth_getTransactionCount`                 |                                                                           |
| `eth_getTransactionByHash`                |                                                                           |
| `eth_getTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex`   |                                                                           |
| `eth_getTransactionByBlockNumberAndIndex` |                                                                           |
| `eth_getTransactionReceipt`               |                                                                           |
| `eth_protocolVersion`                     |                                                                           |
| `eth_sendRawTransaction`                  |                                                                           |
| `eth_syncing`                             | EN is considered synced if it's less than 11 blocks behind the main node. |
| `eth_coinbase`                            | Always returns a zero address                                             |
| `eth_accounts`                            | Always returns an empty list                                              |
| `eth_getCompilers`                        | Always returns an empty list                                              |
| `eth_hashrate`                            | Always returns zero                                                       |
| `eth_getUncleCountByBlockHash`            | Always returns zero                                                       |
| `eth_getUncleCountByBlockNumber`          | Always returns zero                                                       |
| `eth_mining`                              | Always returns false                                                      |

### PubSub

Only available on the WebSocket servers.

Available methods:

| Method             | Notes                                           |
| ------------------ | ----------------------------------------------- |
| `eth_subscribe`    | Maximum amount of subscriptions is configurable |
| `eth_subscription` |                                                 |

### `net_` Namespace

Available methods:

| Method           | Notes                |
| ---------------- | -------------------- |
| `net_version`    |                      |
| `net_peer_count` | Always returns 0     |
| `net_listening`  | Always returns false |

### `web3_` Namespace

Available methods:

| Method               | Notes |
| -------------------- | ----- |
| `web3_clientVersion` |       |

### `debug` namespace

The `debug` namespace gives access to several non-standard RPC methods, which will allow developers to inspect and debug
calls and transactions.

This namespace is disabled by default and can be configured via setting `EN_API_NAMESPACES` as described in the example config.

Available methods:

| Method                     | Notes |
| -------------------------- | ----- |
| `debug_traceBlockByNumber` |       |
| `debug_traceBlockByHash`   |       |
| `debug_traceCall`          |       |
| `debug_traceTransaction`   |       |

### `zks` namespace

This namespace contains rollup-specific extensions to the Web3 API.
Note that *only methods* specified in the documentation are considered public.
There may be other methods exposed in this namespace, but undocumented
methods come without any kind of stability guarantees and can be changed or removed without notice.

Always refer to the documentation linked above and [API reference documentation](https://docs.zksync.io/build/api-reference) to see the list of stabilized methods in this namespace.

### `en` namespace

This namespace contains methods that Abstract Nodes call on the main node while syncing. If this namespace is enabled
other Abstract Nodes can sync from this node.


# Running a node
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/infrastructure/nodes/running-a-node

Learn how to run your own Abstract node.

## Prerequisites

* **Installations Required:**
  * [Docker](https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/)
  * [Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/)

## Setup Instructions

Clone the Abstract node repository and navigate to `external-node/`:

```bash
git clone https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/abstract-node
cd abstract-node/external-node
```

## Running an Abstract Node Locally

### Starting the Node

```bash
docker compose --file testnet-external-node.yml up -d
```

### Reading Logs

```bash
docker logs -f --tail=0 <container name>
```

Container name options:

* `testnet-node-external-node-1`
* `testnet-node-postgres-1`
* `testnet-node-prometheus-1`
* `testnet-node-grafana-1`

### Resetting the Node State

```bash
docker compose --file testnet-external-node.yml down --volumes
```

### Monitoring Node Status

Access the [local Grafana dashboard](http://localhost:3000/d/0/external-node) to see the node status after recovery.

### API Access

* **HTTP JSON-RPC API:** Port `3060`
* **WebSocket API:** Port `3061`

### Important Notes

* **Initial Recovery:** The node will recover from genesis (until we set up a snapshot) on its first run, which may take up to a while. During
  this period, the API server will not serve any requests.
* **Historical Data:** For access to historical transaction data, consider recovery from DB dumps. Refer to the Advanced Setup section for more details.
* **DB Dump:** For nodes that operate from a DB dump, which allows starting an Abstract node with a full historical
  transactions history, refer to the documentation on running from DB dumps at [03\_running.md](https://github.com/matter-labs/zksync-era/blob/78af2bf786bb4f7a639fef9fd169594101818b79/docs/src/guides/external-node/03_running.md).

## System Requirements

The following are minimal requirements:

* **CPU:** A relatively modern CPU is recommended.
* **RAM:** 32 GB
* **Storage:**
  * **Testnet Nodes:** 30 GB
  * **Mainnet Nodes:** 300 GB, with the state growing about 1TB per month.
* **Network:** 100 Mbps connection (1 Gbps+ recommended)

## Advanced Setup

For additional configurations like monitoring, backups, recovery from DB dump or snapshot, and custom PostgreSQL
settings, please refer to the [ansible-en-role repository](https://github.com/matter-labs/ansible-en-role).


# Introduction
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/overview

Welcome to the Abstract documentation. Dive into our resources to learn more about the blockchain leading the next generation of consumer crypto.

<img className="block dark:hidden" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/Block.svg" alt="Hero Light" width={700} />

<img className="hidden dark:block" src="https://mintlify.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/abstract/images/Block.svg" alt="Hero Dark" width={700} />

## Get started with Abstract

Start building smart contracts and applications on Abstract with our quickstart guides.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Connect to Abstract" icon="plug" href="/connect-to-abstract">
    Connect your wallet or development environment to Abstract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Start Building on Abstract" icon="rocket" href="/build-on-abstract/getting-started">
    Start developing smart contracts or applications on Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Explore Abstract Resources

Use our tutorials to kickstart your development journey on Abstract.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Clone Example Repositories" icon="github" href="https://github.com/Abstract-Foundation/examples">
    Browse our collection of cloneable starter kits and example repositories on
    GitHub.
  </Card>

  <Card title="YouTube Tutorials" icon="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/@AbstractBlockchain">
    Watch our video tutorials to learn more about building on Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Learn more about Abstract

Dive deeper into how Abstract works and how you can leverage its features.

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="What is Abstract?" icon="question" href="/what-is-abstract">
    Learn more about the blockchain leading the next generation of consumer
    crypto.
  </Card>

  <Card title="How Abstract Works" icon="magnifying-glass" href="/how-abstract-works/architecture/layer-2s">
    Learn more about how the technology powering Abstract works.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Architecture" icon="connectdevelop" href="/how-abstract-works/architecture/layer-2s">
    Understand the architecture and components that make up Abstract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Abstract Global Wallet" icon="wallet" href="/abstract-global-wallet/overview">
    Discover Abstract Global Wallet - the smart contract wallet powering the
    Abstract ecosystem.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Portal
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/portal/overview

Discover the Abstract Portal - your gateway to onchain discovery.

The [Portal](https://abs.xyz) is the homepage of consumer crypto. Users can manage their
[Abstract Global Wallet](/abstract-global-wallet/overview), earn XP and badges, and discover
the top apps & creators in the ecosystem.

<Card title="Visit Portal" icon="person-to-portal" href="https://abs.xyz">
  Explore a curated universe of onchain apps, watch trusted creators, and earn
  rewards.
</Card>

## Frequently Asked Questions

Find answers to common questions about the Portal below.

### Funding your wallet

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="How do I fund my account?">
    You can fund your account in multiple ways:

    1. **Funding from Solana, Ethereum, or any other chain:**
       * Click the deposit button on wallet page and select "Bridge"
       * Connect your existing wallet and select the chain
       * Wait for confirmation (may take several minutes)

    2. **Funding from Coinbase:**
       * Click deposit and select "Coinbase"
       * Sign in to Coinbase and follow prompts
       * Wait for confirmation (may take several minutes)

    3. **Funding from other exchanges (Binance, OKX, etc.):**
       * Click deposit and select "Centralized Exchange"
       * Use the generated QR code to send funds from zkSync Era wallet
       * **Important:** Send funds on zkSync Era only. Use QR code once only.
       * Note: This address differs from your Abstract wallet address

    4. **Funding via bank account:**
       * Click deposit and select "Moonpay"
       * Follow prompts to sign in/create Moonpay account
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How to send funds on Abstract?">
    The native currency on Abstract is Ether (ETH). Other currencies including USDC.e and USDT are also available.

    1. Click the send button on the wallet page
    2. Select the token to send and enter the exact amount to send
    3. Enter the recipient's address, domain, or identity.
    4. Double check everything looks correct. **Transactions cannot be reversed, and funds sent to wrong places are impossible to recover**
    5. Confirm transaction (recipient receives funds in \< 1 minute)

    <Warning>
      Do NOT send funds to your Abstract Global Wallet on any other network. Your
      AGW only exists on Abstract.
    </Warning>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="I can't see my funds. What happened?">
    Various reasons may cause funds to not display properly:

    1. Navigate to the [Abstract Explorer](https://abscan.org/) and search your address (e.g. 0x1234...abcd)
    2. Verify if there is an inbound transaction that you are expecting.
    3. Check that the sender has sent funds to the correct address and network.

    <Note>If you are using the Abstract network without using Abstract Global Wallet, to see your funds, you must [connect your wallet to the Abstract network](/connect-to-abstract)
    and switch to the Abstract network.</Note>
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I export my private key outside of Abstract Global Wallet?">
    Your Abstract Global Wallet is a [smart contract wallet](abstract-global-wallet/architecture), not a traditional EOA.

    This means it does not have a private key for you to export.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="My card/PayPal funding failed. What do I do?">
    Try again, turn off your VPN if you are using one.
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

### Profile

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="How do I edit my profile?">
    Navigate to "Profile Page" in left-hand menu to:

    * Update profile information
    * Edit pictures
    * Link X (Twitter) and Discord accounts
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Why do I need to connect my Discord account to get rewards?">
    Social connections enhance ecosystem security by: - Providing additional layer
    to identify and filter out bots - Allowing rewards for content about Abstract
    and ecosystem projects
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Why do I need to connect my Discord account to get XP bonuses?">
    Discord connections help identify active community members by:

    * Linking offchain community participation to onchain portal activity
    * Providing additional verification to filter out bots
    * Enabling XP rewards for helpful community contributions
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I switch my linked X account or link a new one?">
    Select "Edit Profile" option on the "Profile Page" to unlink social accounts.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I enable two-factor authentication (2FA)?">
    Enable 2FA under "Security Settings" using either: - Authenticator App -
    Passkey
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I change my PFP?">
    Click the pencil icon over your profile picture to use any NFT in your wallet as your PFP.
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

### Discover

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="How do I vote for an app?">
    Click the upvote button on the "Discover" page to support an app.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Why can't I upvote an app?">
    Either: - You have already upvoted that app - You need to fund your account
    (visit abs.xyz/wallet and click fund button)
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What is the spotlight?">
    The spotlight features apps that have received the most upvotes and user
    interaction during a given time period.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What are trending tokens?">
    Trending tokens are ranked based on volume and price change in real time.

    **Important:** This is not financial advice or endorsement. The trending tokens section is not an endorsement of any team or project, and the algorithm may yield unexpected results. Always consult your financial advisor before investing.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I sort apps?">
    Browse app categories at the bottom of the discover page:

    * Gaming
    * Trading
    * Collectibles
      And more, sorted by user engagement in each category
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

### Trade

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="How do I make my first trade?">
    Two options available:

    1. Visit the "Trade" page for native trading features
    2. Explore trading apps in the "Trading" category on the Discover page
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Getting an error on your trade?">
    Check to verify: - You have enough ETH to fund the transaction - Your slippage
    is set correctly
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What is slippage?">
    Slippage is the difference between expected trade price and actual execution
    price, common with high volume/volatility tokens.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I view my trading history?">
    Find your trading history in the "Transaction History" section of your Profile Page.
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

### Rewards

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="What is XP?">
    XP is the native reward system built to reward users for having fun. Users and creators earn XP for:

    * Using Abstract apps
    * Streaming via Abstract Global Wallet
    * Building successful apps
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I earn XP?">
    Earn XP by engaging with Abstract-powered apps listed on the Discover page.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="When is the XP updated?">
    XP is updated weekly and reflected in your rewards profile.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I claim Badges?">
    Earn Badges by completing hidden or public quests. Eligible badges appear in
    the "Badges" section of the "Rewards" page.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What is the XP Multiplier?">
    Bonus XP users can earn based on community standing and exclusive rewards.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Can I lose XP?">
    Yes, XP can be lost for: - Cheating the system - Breaking streamer rules
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Is XP transferable between accounts?">
    No, XP is not transferable between accounts.
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>

### Streaming

<AccordionGroup>
  <Accordion title="How do I sign up, and is there an approval process?">
    Currently:

    * Anyone can create an account to watch and interact
    * Only whitelisted accounts can stream
    * More creators will be supported over time
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Can I earn XP for streaming on Abstract?">
    Yes: - Earn XP based on engagement and app usage validated onchain -
    Abstract-based application usage provides more XP compared to outside content
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What kind of content is allowed?">
    All types of content can be streamed, but Abstract Apps usage provides
    additional XP.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What happens if I lose my account credentials?">
    Recover your account using your email address. We recommend: - Setting up
    passkeys - Enabling 2FA Both found in settings
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What kind of content is restricted?">
    Abstract is an open platform but users must follow Terms of Use: - No
    harassment - No hate speech
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Does Abstract support multiple languages and regions?">
    Yes, Abstract supports multiple languages and is available globally.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do streamers earn money?">
    Streamers can receive tips from their audience members.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="How do I qualify for monetization features?">
    All streamers are capable of receiving tips.
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What equipment or software do I need?">
    Basic requirements: - Computer capable of running streaming software (e.g.,
    OBS) - Stable internet connection - Microphone - Optional: webcam - Mobile
    streaming requires third-party apps with stream key support
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="What are the recommended streaming settings?">
    * Supports up to 1080p & 4k Bitrate - 5-15 second stream delay depending on
      internet/settings - Test different settings for optimal performance
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Can I stream simultaneously on other platforms?">
    Yes, but: - Makes Luca sad - May impact potential XP earnings
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Can I moderate my chat or assign moderators?">
    * Abstract provides basic chat moderation platform-wide - Additional
      moderation features may be added in future as needed
  </Accordion>

  <Accordion title="Can I stream non-Abstract content?">
    Yes, but:

    * We encourage exploring our ecosystem
    * Non-Abstract content may earn reduced or no XP
  </Accordion>
</AccordionGroup>


# Block Explorers
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/tooling/block-explorers

Learn how to view transactions, blocks, batches, and more on Abstract block explorers.

The block explorer allows you to:

* View, verify, and interact with smart contract source code.
* View transaction, block, and batch information.
* Track the finality status of transactions as they reach Ethereum.

<CardGroup>
  <Card title="Mainnet Explorer" icon="cubes" href="https://abscan.org/">
    Go to the Abstract mainnet explorer to view transactions, blocks, and more.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Testnet Explorer" icon="cubes" href="https://sepolia.abscan.org/">
    Go to the Abstract testnet explorer to view transactions, blocks, and more.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>


# Bridges
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/tooling/bridges

Learn how to bridge assets between Abstract and Ethereum.

A bridge is a tool that allows users to move assets such as ETH from Ethereum to Abstract and vice versa.
Under the hood, bridging works by having two smart contracts deployed:

1. A smart contract deployed to Ethereum (L1).
2. A smart contract deployed to Abstract (L2).

These smart contracts communicate with each other to facilitate the deposit and withdrawal of assets between the two chains.

## Native Bridge

Abstract has a native bridge to move assets between Ethereum and
Abstract for free (excluding gas fees) that supports bridging both ETH and ERC-20 tokens.

Deposits from L1 to L2 take around \~15 minutes, whereas
withdrawals from L2 to L1 currently take up to 24 hours due to the
built-in [withdrawal delay](https://docs.zksync.io/build/resources/withdrawal-delay#withdrawal-delay).

<CardGroup>
  <Card title="Mainnet Bridge" icon="bridge" href="https://portal.mainnet.abs.xyz/bridge/">
    Visit the native bridge to move assets between Ethereum and Abstract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Testnet Bridge" icon="bridge" href="https://portal.testnet.abs.xyz/bridge/">
    Visit the native bridge to move assets between Ethereum and Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Third-party Bridges

In addition to the native bridge, users can also utilize third-party bridges
to move assets from other chains to Abstract and vice versa.
These bridges offer alternative routes that are typically faster and cheaper than the native bridge,
however come with different **security risks**.

<Card title="View Third-party Bridges" icon="bridge" href="/ecosystem/bridges">
  Use third-party bridges to move assets between other chains and Abstract.
</Card>


# Deployed Contracts
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/tooling/deployed-contracts

Discover a list of commonly used contracts deployed on Abstract.

## Currencies

| Token | Mainnet                                      | Testnet                                      |
| ----- | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
| WETH9 | `0x3439153EB7AF838Ad19d56E1571FBD09333C2809` | `0x9EDCde0257F2386Ce177C3a7FCdd97787F0D841d` |
| USDC  | `0x84A71ccD554Cc1b02749b35d22F684CC8ec987e1` | `0xe4C7fBB0a626ed208021ccabA6Be1566905E2dFc` |
| USDT  | `0x0709F39376dEEe2A2dfC94A58EdEb2Eb9DF012bD` | -                                            |

## NFT Markets

| Contract Type      | Mainnet                                      | Testnet                                      |
| ------------------ | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
| Seaport            | `0xDF3969A315e3fC15B89A2752D0915cc76A5bd82D` | `0xDF3969A315e3fC15B89A2752D0915cc76A5bd82D` |
| Transfer Validator | `0x3203c3f64312AF9344e42EF8Aa45B97C9DFE4594` | `0x3203c3f64312af9344e42ef8aa45b97c9dfe4594` |

## Uniswap V2

| Contract Type     | Mainnet                                                              | Testnet                                                              |
| ----------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| UniswapV2Factory  | `0x566d7510dEE58360a64C9827257cF6D0Dc43985E`                         | `0x566d7510dEE58360a64C9827257cF6D0Dc43985E`                         |
| UniswapV2Router02 | `0xad1eCa41E6F772bE3cb5A48A6141f9bcc1AF9F7c`                         | `0x96ff7D9dbf52FdcAe79157d3b249282c7FABd409`                         |
| Init code hash    | `0x0100065f2f2a556816a482652f101ddda2947216a5720dd91a79c61709cbf2b8` | `0x0100065f2f2a556816a482652f101ddda2947216a5720dd91a79c61709cbf2b8` |

## Uniswap V3

| Contract Type                              | Mainnet                                                              | Testnet                                                              |
| ------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| UniswapV3Factory                           | `0xA1160e73B63F322ae88cC2d8E700833e71D0b2a1`                         | `0x2E17FF9b877661bDFEF8879a4B31665157a960F0`                         |
| multicall2Address                          | `0x9CA4dcb2505fbf536F6c54AA0a77C79f4fBC35C0`                         | `0x84B11838e53f53DBc1fca7a6413cDd2c7Ab15DB8`                         |
| proxyAdminAddress                          | `0x76d539e3c8bc2A565D22De95B0671A963667C4aD`                         | `0x10Ef01fF2CCc80BdDAF51dF91814e747ae61a5f1`                         |
| tickLensAddress                            | `0x9c7d30F93812f143b6Efa673DB8448EfCB9f747E`                         | `0x2EC62f97506E0184C423B01c525ab36e1c61f78A`                         |
| nftDescriptorLibraryAddressV1\_3\_0        | `0x30cF3266240021f101e388D9b80959c42c068C7C`                         | `0x99C98e979b15eD958d0dfb8F24D8EfFc2B41f9Fe`                         |
| nonfungibleTokenPositionDescriptorV1\_3\_0 | `0xb9F2d038150E296CdAcF489813CE2Bbe976a4C62`                         | `0x8041c4f03B6CA2EC7b795F33C10805ceb98733dB`                         |
| descriptorProxyAddress                     | `0x8433dEA5F658D9003BB6e52c5170126179835DaC`                         | `0x7a5d1718944bfA246e42c8b95F0a88E37bAC5495`                         |
| nonfungibleTokenPositionManagerAddress     | `0xfA928D3ABc512383b8E5E77edd2d5678696084F9`                         | `0x069f199763c045A294C7913E64bA80E5F362A5d7`                         |
| v3MigratorAddress                          | `0x117Fc8DEf58147016f92bAE713533dDB828aBB7e`                         | `0xf3C430AF1C9C18d414b5cf890BEc08789431b6Ed`                         |
| quoterV2Address                            | `0x728BD3eC25D5EDBafebB84F3d67367Cd9EBC7693`                         | `0xdE41045eb15C8352413199f35d6d1A32803DaaE2`                         |
| swapRouter02                               | `0x7712FA47387542819d4E35A23f8116C90C18767C`                         | `0xb9D4347d129a83cBC40499Cd4fF223dE172a70dF`                         |
| permit2                                    | `0x0000000000225e31d15943971f47ad3022f714fa`                         | `0x7d174F25ADcd4157EcB5B3448fEC909AeCB70033`                         |
| universalRouter                            | `0xE1b076ea612Db28a0d768660e4D81346c02ED75e`                         | `0xCdFB71b46bF3f44FC909B5B4Eaf4967EC3C5B4e5`                         |
| v3StakerAddress                            | `0x2cB10Ac97F2C3dAEDEaB7b72DbaEb681891f51B8`                         | `0xe17e6f1518a5185f646eB34Ac5A8055792bD3c9D`                         |
| Init code hash                             | `0x010013f177ea1fcbc4520f9a3ca7cd2d1d77959e05aa66484027cb38e712aeed` | `0x010013f177ea1fcbc4520f9a3ca7cd2d1d77959e05aa66484027cb38e712aeed` |

## Safe

Access the Safe UI at [https://abstract-safe.protofire.io/](https://abstract-safe.protofire.io/).

| Contract Type                | Mainnet                                      | Testnet                                      |
| ---------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------- |
| SimulateTxAccessor           | `0xdd35026932273768A3e31F4efF7313B5B7A7199d` | `0xdd35026932273768A3e31F4efF7313B5B7A7199d` |
| SafeProxyFactory             | `0xc329D02fd8CB2fc13aa919005aF46320794a8629` | `0xc329D02fd8CB2fc13aa919005aF46320794a8629` |
| TokenCallbackHandler         | `0xd508168Db968De1EBc6f288322e6C820137eeF79` | `0xd508168Db968De1EBc6f288322e6C820137eeF79` |
| CompatibilityFallbackHandler | `0x9301E98DD367135f21bdF66f342A249c9D5F9069` | `0x9301E98DD367135f21bdF66f342A249c9D5F9069` |
| CreateCall                   | `0xAAA566Fe7978bB0fb0B5362B7ba23038f4428D8f` | `0xAAA566Fe7978bB0fb0B5362B7ba23038f4428D8f` |
| MultiSend                    | `0x309D0B190FeCCa8e1D5D8309a16F7e3CB133E885` | `0x309D0B190FeCCa8e1D5D8309a16F7e3CB133E885` |
| MultiSendCallOnly            | `0x0408EF011960d02349d50286D20531229BCef773` | `0x0408EF011960d02349d50286D20531229BCef773` |
| SignMessageLib               | `0xAca1ec0a1A575CDCCF1DC3d5d296202Eb6061888` | `0xAca1ec0a1A575CDCCF1DC3d5d296202Eb6061888` |
| SafeToL2Setup                | `0x199A9df0224031c20Cc27083A4164c9c8F1Bcb39` | `0x199A9df0224031c20Cc27083A4164c9c8F1Bcb39` |
| Safe                         | `0xC35F063962328aC65cED5D4c3fC5dEf8dec68dFa` | `0xC35F063962328aC65cED5D4c3fC5dEf8dec68dFa` |
| SafeL2                       | `0x610fcA2e0279Fa1F8C00c8c2F71dF522AD469380` | `0x610fcA2e0279Fa1F8C00c8c2F71dF522AD469380` |
| SafeToL2Migration            | `0xa26620d1f8f1a2433F0D25027F141aaCAFB3E590` | `0xa26620d1f8f1a2433F0D25027F141aaCAFB3E590` |
| SafeMigration                | `0x817756C6c555A94BCEE39eB5a102AbC1678b09A7` | `0x817756C6c555A94BCEE39eB5a102AbC1678b09A7` |


# Faucets
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/tooling/faucets

Learn how to easily get testnet funds for development on Abstract.

Faucets distribute small amounts of testnet ETH to enable developers & users to deploy and
interact with smart contracts on the testnet.

Abstract has its own testnet that uses
the [Sepolia](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/networks/#sepolia) network as the L1, meaning
you can get testnet ETH on Abstract directly or [bridge](/tooling/bridges) Sepolia ETH to the
Abstract testnet.

## Abstract Testnet Faucets

| Name                                                                    | Requires Signup |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- |
| [Triangle faucet](https://faucet.triangleplatform.com/abstract/testnet) | No              |
| [Thirdweb faucet](https://thirdweb.com/abstract-testnet)                | Yes             |

## L1 Sepolia Faucets

| Name                                                                                                 | Requires Signup | Requirements                            |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | --------------------------------------- |
| [Ethereum Ecosystem Sepolia PoW faucet](https://www.ethereum-ecosystem.com/faucets/ethereum-sepolia) | No              | ENS Handle                              |
| [Sepolia PoW faucet](https://sepolia-faucet.pk910.de/)                                               | No              | Gitcoin Passport score                  |
| [Google Cloud Sepolia faucet](https://cloud.google.com/application/web3/faucet/ethereum/sepolia)     | No              | 0.001 mainnet ETH                       |
| [Grabteeth Sepolia faucet](https://grabteeth.xyz/)                                                   | No              | A smart contract deployment before 2023 |
| [Infura Sepolia faucet](https://www.infura.io/faucet/sepolia)                                        | Yes             | -                                       |
| [Chainstack Sepolia faucet](https://faucet.chainstack.com/sepolia-testnet-faucet)                    | Yes             | -                                       |
| [Alchemy Sepolia faucet](https://www.alchemy.com/faucets/ethereum-sepolia)                           | Yes             | 0.001 mainnet ETH                       |

Use a [bridge](/tooling/bridges) to move Sepolia ETH to the Abstract testnet.


# What is Abstract?
Source: https://docs.abs.xyz/what-is-abstract

A high-level overview of what Abstract is and how it works.

Abstract is a [Layer 2](https://ethereum.org/en/layer-2/) (L2) network built on top of
[Ethereum](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/), designed to securely power consumer-facing
blockchain applications at scale with low fees and fast transaction speeds.

Built on top of the [ZK Stack](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack), Abstract is a
[zero-knowledge (ZK) rollup](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/scaling/zk-rollups/) built to
be a more scalable alternative to Ethereum; it achieves this scalability by executing transactions off-chain, batching them together,
and verifying batches of transactions on Ethereum using [(ZK) proofs](https://ethereum.org/en/zero-knowledge-proofs/).

Abstract is [EVM](https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/evm/) compatible, meaning it looks and feels like
Ethereum, but with lower gas fees and higher transaction throughput. Most existing smart contracts built for Ethereum will work
out of the box on Abstract ([with some differences](/how-abstract-works/evm-differences/overview)),
meaning developers can easily port applications to Abstract with minimal changes.

## Start using Abstract

Ready to start building on Abstract? Here are some next steps to get you started:

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Connect to Abstract" icon="plug" href="/connect-to-abstract">
    Connect your wallet or development environment to Abstract.
  </Card>

  <Card title="Start Building" icon="rocket" href="/build-on-abstract/getting-started">
    Start developing smart contracts or applications on Abstract.
  </Card>
</CardGroup>